COVID-19 early treatment: real-time analysis of 4,082 studies
Analysis of 69 COVID-19 early treatments,
approvals in 105 countries, database of
7,465 treatments
Muhammad | Retrospective analysis of tropical and non-tropical countries showing significantly lower COVID-19 cases and mortality in tropical countries. The.. |
Gao | Mouse study showing that ivermectin improves cardiac function and reduces inflammation in models of viral and autoimmune myocarditis. Authors found.. |
Shahin | In Vitro study showing dose-dependent inhibition of wildtype and omicron SARS-CoV-2 with 0.5-5μM ivermectin. Authors found no significant effect for.. |
Corral | Retrospective 475 nursing home residents showing low mortality with early treatment using ivermectin, nitazoxanide, and acetylsalicylic acid. All.. |
Aghasadeghi | 189 patient spirulina late treatment RCT: 85% lower mortality (p=0.0002) and 75% higher hospital discharge (p=0.003) |
Timeline for when studies showed efficacy - details and limitations.
0.6% of treatments show efficacy.
Treatment cost times median NNT - details and limitations.
0.6% of treatments show efficacy.
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All clinical results for selected treatments. 0.6% of treatments show efficacy.
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Random effects meta-analysis of all studies (pooled effects, all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages and outcomes depend on the distribution of stages and outcomes tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage and outcome analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of all mortality results (all stages). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all stages depend on the distribution of stages tested - for example late stage treatment may be less effective and if the majority of studies are late stage this may obscure the efficacy of early treatment. Please see the specific stage analyses. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of early treatment mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis studies (pooled effects). Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <50 control events are shown in grey. Pooled results across all outcomes are affected by the distribution of outcomes tested, please see detail pages for specific outcome analysis. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. | |||||
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Random effects meta-analysis of prophylaxis mortality results. Treatments with ≤3 studies with distinct authors or with <25 control events are shown in grey. Protocols typically combine multiple treatments which may be complementary and synergistic, and the SOC in studies often includes other treatments. 0.6% of proposed treatments show efficacy in clinical studies. |
LATE TREATMENT | ||||||
Physician / Team | Location | Patients | HospitalizationHosp. | MortalityDeath | ||
Dr. David Uip (*) | Brazil | 2,200 | 38.6% (850) | Ref. | 2.5% (54) | Ref. |
EARLY TREATMENT - 39 physicians/teams | ||||||
Physician / Team | Location | Patients | HospitalizationHosp. | ImprovementImp. | MortalityDeath | ImprovementImp. |
Dr. Roberto Alfonso Accinelli 0/360 deaths for treatment within 3 days |
Peru | 1,265 | 0.6% (7) | 77.5% | ||
Dr. Mohammed Tarek Alam patients up to 84 years old |
Bangladesh | 100 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Oluwagbenga Alonge | Nigeria | 310 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Raja Bhattacharya up to 88yo, 81% comorbidities |
India | 148 | 1.4% (2) | 44.9% | ||
Dr. Flavio Cadegiani | Brazil | 3,450 | 0.1% (4) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Alessandro Capucci | Italy | 350 | 4.6% (16) | 88.2% | ||
Dr. Shankara Chetty | South Africa | 8,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Deborah Chisholm | USA | 100 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Ryan Cole | USA | 400 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Marco Cosentino vs. 3-3.8% mortality during period; earlier treatment better |
Italy | 392 | 6.4% (25) | 83.5% | 0.3% (1) | 89.6% |
Dr. Jeff Davis | USA | 6,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Dhanajay | India | 500 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Bryan Tyson & Dr. George Fareed | USA | 20,000 | 0.0% (6) | 99.9% | 0.0% (4) | 99.2% |
Dr. Raphael Furtado | Brazil | 170 | 0.6% (1) | 98.5% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Heather Gessling | USA | 1,500 | 0.1% (1) | 97.3% | ||
Dr. Ellen Guimarães | Brazil | 500 | 1.6% (8) | 95.9% | 0.4% (2) | 83.7% |
Dr. Syed Haider | USA | 4,000 | 0.1% (5) | 99.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Mark Hancock | USA | 24 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Sabine Hazan | USA | 1,000 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Mollie James | USA | 3,500 | 1.1% (40) | 97.0% | 0.0% (1) | 98.8% |
Dr. Roberta Lacerda | Brazil | 550 | 1.5% (8) | 96.2% | 0.4% (2) | 85.2% |
Dr. Katarina Lindley | USA | 100 | 5.0% (5) | 87.1% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Ben Marble | USA | 150,000 | 0.0% (4) | 99.9% | ||
Dr. Edimilson Migowski | Brazil | 2,000 | 0.3% (7) | 99.1% | 0.1% (2) | 95.9% |
Dr. Abdulrahman Mohana | Saudi Arabia | 2,733 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Carlos Nigro | Brazil | 5,000 | 0.9% (45) | 97.7% | 0.5% (23) | 81.3% |
Dr. Benoit Ochs | Luxembourg | 800 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Ortore | Italy | 240 | 1.2% (3) | 96.8% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Valerio Pascua one death for a patient presenting on the 5th day in need of supplemental oxygen |
Honduras | 415 | 6.3% (26) | 83.8% | 0.2% (1) | 90.2% |
Dr. Sebastian Pop | Romania | 300 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Brian Proctor | USA | 869 | 2.3% (20) | 94.0% | 0.2% (2) | 90.6% |
Dr. Anastacio Queiroz | Brazil | 700 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Didier Raoult | France | 8,315 | 2.6% (214) | 93.3% | 0.1% (5) | 97.6% |
Dr. Karin Ried up to 99yo, 73% comorbidities, av. age 63 |
Turkey | 237 | 0.4% (1) | 82.8% | ||
Dr. Roman Rozencwaig patients up to 86 years old |
Canada | 80 | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% | ||
Dr. Vipul Shah | India | 8,000 | 0.1% (5) | 97.5% | ||
Dr. Silvestre Sobrinho | Brazil | 116 | 8.6% (10) | 77.7% | 0.0% (0) | 100.0% |
Dr. Unknown | Brazil | 957 | 1.7% (16) | 95.7% | 0.2% (2) | 91.5% |
Dr. Vladimir Zelenko | USA | 2,200 | 0.5% (12) | 98.6% | 0.1% (2) | 96.3% |
Mean improvement with early treatment protocols | 237,521 | HospitalizationHosp. | 94.1% | MortalityDeath | 94.7% |
Physician results with early treatment protocols compared to
no early treatment. These results are subject to selection and ascertainment
bias and more accurate analysis requires details of the patient populations
and followup, however results are consistently better across many teams, and consistent
with the extensive controlled trial evidence that shows a significant
reduction in risk with many early treatments, and improved results with the
use of multiple treatments in combination.
Muhammad | Retrospective analysis of tropical and non-tropical countries showing significantly lower COVID-19 cases and mortality in tropical countries. The.. |
Gao | Mouse study showing that ivermectin improves cardiac function and reduces inflammation in models of viral and autoimmune myocarditis. Authors found.. |
Shahin | In Vitro study showing dose-dependent inhibition of wildtype and omicron SARS-CoV-2 with 0.5-5μM ivermectin. Authors found no significant effect for.. |
Corral | Retrospective 475 nursing home residents showing low mortality with early treatment using ivermectin, nitazoxanide, and acetylsalicylic acid. All.. |
Corral | Retrospective 475 nursing home residents showing low mortality with early treatment using ivermectin, nitazoxanide, and acetylsalicylic acid. All.. |
Corral | Retrospective 475 nursing home residents showing low mortality with early treatment using ivermectin, nitazoxanide, and acetylsalicylic acid. All.. |
Xu | In Silico study supporting the synergistic combination of nitazoxanide and remdesivir for SARS-CoV-2. Authors developed a two-way pharmacodynamic.. |
Aghasadeghi | 189 patient late treatment RCT: 85% lower mortality (p=0.0002) and 75% higher hospital discharge (p=0.003) |
Morris | In Vitro study showing that certain teas can rapidly inactivate SARS-CoV-2 in saliva. At 10 mg/mL infusion, black tea showed the highest reduction .. |
Tse | Analysis of the CONCUR-1 RCT showing that convalescent plasma was associated with higher costs, longer hospital stays, and lower quality-adjusted.. |
Alcalá-Santiago | In Vitro study showing that vitamin D inhibits inflammatory cytokine production in THP-1 cells stimulated with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Authors.. |
Pavlyshyn | 135 patients sufficiency: 60% lower severe cases (p=0.13) and 89% fewer cases (p=0.13) |
Vaiss | In Vitro and Ex Vivo study showing that curcumin and quercetin co-encapsulated in nanoemulsions (NEs) for nasal administration inhibited murine β.. |
Boseila | In Silico, In Vitro, and rat study showing potential prophylactic and therapeutic benefits of a curcumin-loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery.. |
Vaiss | In Vitro and Ex Vivo study showing that curcumin and quercetin co-encapsulated in nanoemulsions (NEs) for nasal administration inhibited murine β.. |
Waqas | In Silico and In Vitro study showing potential inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) by quercetin and four other natural compounds isolated.. |
Fang | In Vitro study showing that nanoparticles coated with both ACE2-containing cell membranes and quercetin (CM-NP-Q) inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection in.. |
Hwang | 378 patients early treatment: 83% lower mortality (p=0.12), 33% lower ICU admission (p=0.49), and 55% lower need for oxygen therapy (p=0.01) |
Chen | PSM retrospective 648 elderly COVID-19 patients showing no significant difference in time to viral clearance with paxlovid. However, in subgroup.. |
Polyakova | Randomized study showing that rinsing with Coca-Cola significantly lowered salivary pH, with an average of 27 minutes to return to baseline, and.. |
Xu | In Silico study supporting the synergistic combination of nitazoxanide and remdesivir for SARS-CoV-2. Authors developed a two-way pharmacodynamic.. |
Recent studies (see the individual treatment pages for all studies):
Apr 18 |
et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4180797/v1 | The selective effect of Ivermectin on different human coronaviruses; in-vitro study |
In Vitro study showing dose-dependent inhibition of wildtype and omicron SARS-CoV-2 with 0.5-5μM ivermectin. Authors found no significant effect for alphacoronavirus NL63 and a moderate effect for betacoronavirus OC43. In contrast, iverme.. | ||
Apr 13 |
et al., European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106766 | Curcumin and quercetin co-encapsulated in nanoemulsions for nasal administration: a promising therapeutic and prophylactic treatment for viral respiratory infections |
In Vitro and Ex Vivo study showing that curcumin and quercetin co-encapsulated in nanoemulsions (NEs) for nasal administration inhibited murine β-coronavirus (MHV-3) infection. MHV-3 belongs to the same family as SARS-CoV-2. Authors found.. | ||
Apr 12 |
et al., Journal of Nanobiotechnology, doi:10.1186/s12951-024-02435-2 | Development of nanoparticles incorporated with quercetin and ACE2-membrane as a novel therapy for COVID-19 |
In Vitro study showing that nanoparticles coated with both ACE2-containing cell membranes and quercetin (CM-NP-Q) inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection in human lung cells. Authors developed nanoparticles incorporated with quercetin (NP-Q), ACE2-c.. | ||
Apr 12 |
et al., Global Journal of Aging & Geriatric Research, doi:10.33552/GJAGR.2024.03.000557 | Early Treatment Outcomes of SARS-Cov-2 with Ivermectin, Nitazoxanide and Acetylsalicylic Acid in 2 Nursing Homes During The COVID-19 Pandemic in Cali, Colombia |
Retrospective 475 nursing home residents showing low mortality with early treatment using ivermectin, nitazoxanide, and acetylsalicylic acid. All residents were treated when the first positive cases were identified. 87 residents tested po.. | ||
Apr 12 |
et al., Infectious Diseases and Therapy, doi:10.1007/s40121-024-00971-w | Effect of Regdanvimab on Mortality in Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variants: A Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Study |
83% lower mortality (p=0.12), 33% lower ICU admission (p=0.49), and 55% lower need for oxygen therapy (p=0.01). PSM retrospective 378 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Korea showing lower progression with regdanvimab treatment. | ||
Apr 12 |
et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2024.04.10.24305647 | Incidence and Risk of Post-COVID-19 Thromboembolic Disease and the Impact of Aspirin Prescription; Nationwide Observational Cohort at the US Department of Veteran Affairs. |
46% lower mortality (p=0.001). PSM retrospective 334,374 COVID-19 patients showing decreased risk of venous thromboembolism, including pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis, but increased risk of arterial thromboembolic disorders, including ischemic stroke and ac.. | ||
Apr 7 |
et al., European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114279 | Throat spray formulated with virucidal Pharmaceutical excipients as an effective early prophylactic or treatment strategy against pharyngitis post-exposure to SARS CoV-2 |
In Silico, In Vitro, and rat study showing potential prophylactic and therapeutic benefits of a curcumin-loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system throat spray against SARS-CoV-2 infection and pharyngitis. Molecular docking studies.. | ||
Apr 5 |
et al., Current Medicinal Chemistry, doi:10.2174/0109298673292839240329081008 | Discovery of Novel Natural Inhibitors Against SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease: A Rational Approach to Antiviral Therapeutics |
In Silico and In Vitro study showing potential inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) by quercetin and four other natural compounds isolated from medicinal plants. Authors used molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and.. | ||
Apr 5 |
et al., Immunity, Inflammation and Disease, doi:10.1002/iid3.1232 | Nirmatrelvir and ritonavir combination against COVID‐19 caused by omicron BA.2.2 in the elderly: A single‐center large observational study |
PSM retrospective 648 elderly COVID-19 patients showing no significant difference in time to viral clearance with paxlovid. However, in subgroup analysis of patients treated within 10 days of symptom onset, treatment was associated with f.. | ||
Apr 5 |
et al., Неонатологія, хірургія та перинатальна медицина, doi:10.24061/2413-4260.XIV.1.51.2024.6 | Micronutrient status (vitamins A and D) and its effect on the severity of the course of COVID-19 in children |
60% lower severe cases (p=0.13) and 89% fewer cases (p=0.13). Retrospective 112 pediatric COVID-19 patients and 23 healthy controls showing lower levels of vitamins A and D associated with more severe disease. Patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 had significantly lower vitamin A, vitamin D, a.. | ||
Apr 5 |
, T., BioMetals, doi:10.1007/s10534-024-00590-5 | Coordination chemistry suggests that independently observed benefits of metformin and Zn2+ against COVID-19 are not independent |
In Silico analysis suggesting potential benefits of metformin and zinc for COVID-19. Author proposes that metformin can form a complex with zinc ions, increasing zinc bioavailability, and that the metformin-zinc complex may slow viral mul.. | ||
Apr 5 |
et al., Pharmaceuticals, doi:10.3390/ph17040463 | Potential Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Fatigue Effects of an Oral Food Supplement in Long COVID Patients |
RCT of 33 long COVID outpatients showing anti-inflammatory and anti-fatigue effects with treatment based on Echinacea angustifolia, rosehip, propolis, royal jelly, and zinc. The treatment significantly reduced inflammatory biomarkers like.. | ||
Apr 5 |
et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4090027/v1 | Course of inflammation and infection markers differ in ICU patients with severe COVID-19 under casirivimab- and/or tocilizumab application: an observational study |
16% higher mortality (p=0.8). Retrospective 95 ICU patients showing no significant difference in mortality with casirivimab/imdevimab. There was significantly higher mortality with tocilizumab. | ||
Apr 4 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-57726-3 | The metabolic footprint of Vero E6 cells highlights the key metabolic routes associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and response to drug combinations |
In Vitro study showing that remdesivir and azithromycin, either alone or in combination, can modify the glycolic-gluconeogenesis pathway in host cells, inhibiting the mitochondrial oxidative damage caused by SARS-CoV-2. Authors use Nuclea.. | ||
Apr 4 |
et al., Pharmacology Research & Perspectives, doi:10.1002/prp2.1194 | Ursodeoxycholic acid may protect from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Omicron variant by reducing angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 |
Syrian hamster study showing ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) may protect against SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant transmission and infection. Hamsters treated prophylactically with oral UDCA had significantly less weight loss compared to untreated .. | ||
Apr 4 |
et al., New England Journal of Medicine, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2309003 | Nirmatrelvir for Vaccinated or Unvaccinated Adult Outpatients with Covid-19 |
Delayed publication for EPIC-SR showing no significant difference in time to sustained alleviation. Selected results were first made available in December 2021 [Pfizer]. | ||
Apr 4 |
et al., NCT04344184 | SAFEty Study of Early Infusion of Vitamin C for Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Acute Lung Injury (SAFE EVICT CORONA-ALI) |
19% lower mortality (p=0.75) and 2% worse results (p=0.28). RCT 47 ICU patients showing no significant differences with vitamin C treatment. | ||
Apr 3 |
et al., Dentistry Journal, doi:10.3390/dj12040093 | The Effect of Oral Care Foams and a Spray on Salivary pH Changes after Exposure to Acidic Beverages in Young Adults |
Randomized study showing that rinsing with Coca-Cola significantly lowered salivary pH, with an average of 27 minutes to return to baseline, and rinsing with tested oral care products or water after exposure increased the minimum salivary.. | ||
Apr 3 |
et al., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, doi:10.1128/aac.01015-23 | Two-way pharmacodynamic modeling of drug combinations and its application to pairs of repurposed Ebola and SARS-CoV-2 agents |
In Silico study supporting the synergistic combination of nitazoxanide and remdesivir for SARS-CoV-2. Authors developed a two-way pharmacodynamic modeling approach to capture the concentration-dependent drug-drug interactions and combined.. | ||
Apr 2 |
et al., bioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2024.04.01.587566 | Distal Protein-Protein Interactions Contribute to SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Substrate Binding and Nirmatrelvir Resistance |
In Vitro and crystallographic study reveals that the L50F mutation in SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) can restore the reduced enzymatic activity caused by nirmatrelvir resistance mutations E166A/L167F through enhanced protein-protein inte.. | ||
Apr 1 |
et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4157424/v1 | Azvudine reduces the mortality rate of patients with Coronavirus disease 2019: a single-center retrospective analysis study |
35% lower mortality (p=0.05). Retrospective 2,862 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in China showing lower mortality with azvudine treatment. | ||
Mar 30 |
et al., Viruses, doi:10.3390/v16040545 | Fluoxetine and Sertraline Potently Neutralize the Replication of Distinct SARS-CoV-2 Variants |
In Vitro study showing that fluoxetine and sertraline potently neutralize the replication of distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants at subtoxic concentrations. Authors demonstrate that fluoxetine and sertraline inhibit infection with pseudotyped vi.. | ||
Mar 30 |
et al., Global Epidemiology, doi:10.1016/j.gloepi.2024.100142 | Estimating the effect of realistic improvements of metformin adherence on COVID-19 mortality using targeted machine learning |
Retrospective 61,180 COVID-19 positive patients with chronic metformin prescriptions showing lower COVID-19 mortality with improved metformin adherence, as measured by proportion of days covered. | ||
Mar 30 |
et al., The Laryngoscope, doi:10.1002/lary.31430 | Phase |
60% improved viral clearance (p=0.03) and 6% improved recovery. RCT 23 early COVID-19 outpatients showing significantly improved reduction in viral load and significantly faster viral clearance with povidone-iodine nasal spray compared to placebo. The study was underpowered due to low recruitment, enr.. | ||
Mar 29 |
et al., Infection and Drug Resistance, doi:10.2147/IDR.S443574 | Reduced Viral Shedding Time in High-Risk COVID-19 Patients Infected by Omicron and Treated with Paxlovid: A Real-World Study from China |
Retrospective 3,159 high risk COVID-19 patients in China showing no significant difference for viral clearance with multivariable Cox regression, but significantly faster viral clearance with logistic regression. Cox results account for t.. | ||
Mar 29 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-57633-7 | Predictors of nirmatrelvir–ritonavir receipt among COVID-19 patients in a large US health system |
Retrospective 319,900 treatment-eligible COVID-19 patients showing relatively low use of paxlovid and significant socioeconomic disparities. Treated patients were more likely to be from affluent neighborhoods, be up to date on vaccination.. | ||
Mar 29 |
et al., Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences, doi:10.18502/sjms.v19i1.15776 | The Role of Vitamin D in COVID-19 Survival and Prevention: A Meta-analysis |
57% lower mortality (p=0.0002) and 48% fewer cases (p=0.05). Meta analysis of 16 studies including over 5.9 million patients showing significantly lower mortality and cases with vitamin D treatment. | ||
Mar 29 |
et al., Journal of Infection and Public Health, doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2024.03.030 | A Randomized Trial to Assess the Acceleration of Viral Clearance by the Combination Favipiravir/Ivermectin/Niclosamide in Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19 Adult Patients (FINCOV) |
39% improved recovery (p=0.19) and 6% improved viral clearance (p=0.75). RCT 60 low-risk outpatients, median age 31, with mild to moderate COVID-19 showing no significant differences with combined favipiravir/ivermectin/niclosamide treatment compared to favipiravir alone. There was limited room for improvement.. | ||
Mar 28 |
et al., International Journal of Nanomedicine, doi:10.2147/IJN.S448005 | Lipid Nanoparticle-Based Inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 Host Cell Infection |
In Vitro study showing that lactoferrin, camostat mesylate, and carrageenan inhibit SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection in airway epithelial Calu-3 cells. All show dose-dependent inhibition. The study focuses on novel LNP formulations and t.. | ||
Mar 28 |
et al., Research Square, doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3964082/v1 | The role of vitamin D as a preventive strategy in COVID-19 infections: evidence from South Asia |
47% fewer cases (p=0.27). Case-control study of 104 hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 104 healthy controls in Sri Lanka, showing significantly lower serum vitamin D levels in cases compared to controls, and in moderate/severe cases compared to mild cases. There w.. | ||
Mar 27 |
et al., Heliyon, doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28629 | The close association of micronutrients with COVID-19 |
Case-control study with 149 healthy controls and 214 COVID-19 patients in China, showing significantly lower serum vitamin D levels in COVID-19 patients. Vitamin D was found to be an independent risk factor for COVID-19. A logistic regres.. | ||
Mar 27 |
et al., PLOS ONE, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0301056 | Association of anti-diabetic drugs and covid-19 outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and chronic kidney disease: Nationwide registry analysis |
23% lower hospitalization (p=0.004) and 12% fewer cases (p=0.04). Retrospective 7,539 patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and chronic kidney disease in Croatia showing lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection with SGLT-2 inhibitors, metformin, and repaglinide use, and lower risk of COVID-19 hospitalization.. | ||
Mar 25 |
et al., The Japanese Journal of Antibiotics, doi:10.11553/antibiotics.77.1_45 | Global trends in clinical trials of ivermectin for COVID-19—Part 2 |
Review of global trends in clinical trials of ivermectin for COVID-19. The review summarizes and analyzes the results of trials to date. Authors report that 27 systematic reviews and meta-analyses have been conducted, with 15 demonstratin.. | ||
Mar 25 |
et al., Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, doi:10.34087/cbusbed.1423523 | COVID-19 enfeksi̇yonunda molnupiravi̇r tedavi̇si̇ alan hastalarin değerlendi̇ri̇lmesi̇ |
50% higher mortality (p=1) and no change in ICU admission (p=1). Retrospective study of 78 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Turkey showing no significant difference in mortality or discharge rates with molnupiravir treatment. | ||
Mar 25 |
et al., Interactive Journal of Medical Research, doi:10.2196/43585 | Influence of the environmental factors and genome diversity on COVID-19 cumulative infection in highland region of China: Comparative correlational study (Preprint) |
Retrospective 24,826 COVID-19 cases in China showing lower COVID-19 cases with increasing sunlight hours in high altitude regions. Higher sunlight hours was also associated with fewer mutations. | ||
Mar 24 |
et al., AMB Express, doi:10.1186/s13568-024-01690-8 | NBS superfood: a promising adjunctive therapy in critically ill ICU patients with omicron variant of COVID-19 |
RCT 400 critically ill ICU patients with omicron-related ARDS showing significantly reduced mortality and inflammatory markers with a nutritional supplement containing vitamins A, B1–B3, B5, B6, B9, C, D, K, and zinc, potassium, manganese.. | ||
Mar 24 |
et al., Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, doi:10.1016/j.jaim.2024.100897 | Effect of Yoga-based breathing practices on depression, anxiety, stress, and fear of COVID-19 positive hospitalized patients: A randomized controlled trial |
RCT 63 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing significant reductions in depression, anxiety, stress, and fear scores with breathing exercises 30 minutes per day for 10 days. | ||
Mar 24 |
et al., Journal of Clinical Medicine, doi:10.3390/jcm13071874 | Is Metformin Use Associated with a More Favorable COVID-19 Course in People with Diabetes? |
29% lower mortality (p=0.5). Retrospective 524 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with diabetes in Italy, showing lower risk of mortality with metformin use, without statistical significance. The results adjusted only for COVID-19 MRS differ between the text and Figure 2. | ||
Mar 22 |
et al., Critical Care Research and Practice, doi:10.1155/2024/4118896 | Effects of the High-Intensity Early Mobilization on Long-Term Functional Status of Patients with Mechanical Ventilation in the Intensive Care Unit |
Non-COVID-19 RCT showing that high-intensity early mobility in mechanically ventilated ICU patients improved functional status and independence. Authors also reported improved mobility, muscle strength, and lower incidence of ICU-acquired.. | ||
Mar 22 |
et al., The Lancet Microbe, doi:10.1016/S2666-5247(23)00393-2 | Effect of molnupiravir on SARS-CoV-2 evolution in immunocompromised patients: a retrospective observational study |
Analysis of immunocompromised COVID-19 showing rapid creation of new variants with molnupiravir. Some mutations became fixed in the viral population and the distinctive mutational pattern, dominated by G-to-A and C-to-T transitions, persi.. | ||
Mar 21 |
et al., Transfusion, doi:10.1111/trf.17777 | Quality of life and |
Analysis of the CONCUR-1 RCT showing that convalescent plasma was associated with higher costs, longer hospital stays, and lower quality-adjusted life days. | ||
Mar 21 |
et al., Journal of Medical Virology, doi:10.1002/jmv.29552 | Identification of inositol monophosphatase as a broad‐spectrum antiviral target of ivermectin |
In vitro study showing that ivermectin inhibits dengue, Zika, and SARS-CoV-2 by targeting the host protein inositol monophosphatase (IMPase). Authors used thermal proteomic profiling to identify IMPase as a target of ivermectin in human c.. | ||
Mar 21 |
et al., Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1080/23744235.2024.2329957 | Double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of convalescent plasma for COVID-19: analyses by neutralising antibodies homologous to donors’ variants |
RCT 57 hospitalized COVID-19 patients showing no significant difference in outcomes with convalescent plasma treatment. | ||
Mar 20 |
et al., Journal of Clinical Hepatology, doi:10.12449/JCH240309 | Efficacy of ursodeoxycholic acid in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 in patients with chronic hepatitis B |
48% faster recovery (p=0.01) and 83% fewer cases (p=0.001). Retrospective 215 patients with chronic hepatitis B in China, showing lower risk of COVID-19 infection, milder symptoms, and faster recovery with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) treatment. | ||
Mar 19 |
et al., Scientific Reports, doi:10.1038/s41598-024-57306-5 | Clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19 in New Orleans, August 2020 to September 2021 |
46% higher severe cases (p<0.0001). Retrospective 456 hospitalized patients in the USA showing an association between remdesivir treatment and increased COVID-19 severity in multivariable analysis, for remdesivir treatment within 7 days and when administered before meeting .. | ||
Mar 19 |
et al., The Kurume Medical Journal, doi:10.2739/kurumemedj.MS7012003 | Oral Colchicine and Low-Dose Aspirin Combination Therapy for Non-elderly, Non-severe, Early Time From Onset, Adult Outpatients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) during “The Fifth Pandemic Wave” in Japan |
67% lower hospitalization (p=0.55) and 24% improved recovery (p=0.72). RCT 38 low risk outpatients in Japan, showing no significant differences for colchicine and low-dose aspirin compared to loxoprofen. Hospitalization was lower, without statistical significance (4.3% vs. 13.3%, p=0.34). There were no criti.. | ||
Mar 18 |
et al., Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, doi:10.12669/pjms.40.5.8757 | Effectiveness of early pharmaceutical interventions in symptomatic COVID-19 patients: A randomized clinical trial |
71% lower mortality (p=0.03), 4% greater improvement (p=0.64), and 10% improved viral clearance (p=0.52). RCT 471 mild COVID-19 patients in Pakistan showing no significant differences in clinical improvement and viral clearance between HCQ, azithromycin, oseltamivir, and combinations. Mortality was significantly lower in HCQ vs. non-HCQ arms... | ||
Mar 18 |
et al., Pharmacological Reports, doi:10.1007/s43440-024-00585-6 | Effect of polyphenols against complications of COVID-19: current evidence and potential efficacy |
Review of polyphenols for COVID-19. Authors note that polyphenols can inhibit key SARS-CoV-2 enzymes involved in viral replication and infection, and that many polyphenols have well-established safety profiles. Authors recommend additiona.. |
We aim to cover the most promising early treatments for
COVID-19. We use pre-specified effect extraction criteria that prioritizes
more serious outcomes, for details see methods. For specific
outcomes and different treatment stages see the individual pages. Not all
treatments are covered here, effectiveness has been reported for many other treatments in studies.
Of the 4,082 studies,
2,159 present results comparing with a control group,
1,963 are treatment studies, and
196 analyze outcomes based on serum levels. There are
66 animal studies,
130 in silico studies,
233 in vitro studies,
254 reviews,
and 175 meta analyses.
Please send us corrections, updates, or comments.
c19early involves the extraction of 100,000+ datapoints from
thousands of papers. Community updates
help ensure high accuracy.
Treatments and other interventions are complementary.
All practical, effective, and safe
means should be used based on risk/benefit analysis.
No treatment or intervention is 100% available and effective for all current
and future variants.
We do not provide medical advice. Before taking any medication,
consult a qualified physician who can provide personalized advice and details
of risks and benefits based on your medical history and situation. FLCCC and WCH
provide treatment protocols.
Thanks for your feedback! Please search before submitting papers and note
that studies are listed under the date they were first available, which may be
the date of an earlier preprint.