The World Climate Research Programme's 6th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) represents an enormous advance in the quality, detail, and scope of climate modeling.

The Global Downscaled Projections for Climate Impacts Research dataset makes this modeling more applicable to understanding the impacts of changes in the climate on humans and society with two key developments: trend-preserving bias correction and downscaling. In this dataset, the Climate Impact Lab provides global, daily minimum and maximum air temperature at the surface (tasmin and tasmax) and daily cumulative surface precipitation (pr) corresponding to the CMIP6 historical, ssp1-2.6, ssp2-4.5, ssp3-7.0, and ssp5-8.5 scenarios for 25 global climate models on a 1/4-degree regular global grid.

Contents:

• Accessing the data
• Data format & contents
• Example use
• Project methods
• The downscaleCMIP6 repository
• Citing, licensing, and using data produced by this project
• Acknowledgements
• Financial support

Additional links:

• CIL GDPCIR project homepage: github.com/ClimateImpactLab/downscaleCMIP6
• Climate Impact Lab homepage: impactlab.org
• Project listing on Microsoft Planetary Computer: planetarycomputer.microsoft.com/dataset/group/cil-gdpcir

GDPCIR data can be accessed on the Microsoft Planetary Computer: planetarycomputer.microsoft.com/dataset/group/cil-gdpcir

The dataset is made of collections distinguished by data license at the time of publication:

• Public domain (CC0-1.0) collection
• Attribution (CC BY 4.0) collection

Each modeling center with bias corrected and downscaled data in this collection falls into one of these license categories - see the table below to see which model is in each collection, and see the section below on Citing, Licensing, and using data produced by this project for citations and additional information about each license. For examples of how to browse the collections and load the data using python, see the example use section below.

The data is stored as partitioned zarr stores (see https://zarr.readthedocs.io), each of which includes thousands of data and metadata files covering the full time span of the experiment. Historical zarr stores contain just over 50 GB, while SSP zarr stores contain nearly 70GB. Each store is stored as a 32-bit float, with dimensions time (daily datetime), lat (float latitude), and lon (float longitude). The data is chunked at each interval of 365 days and 90 degree interval of latitude and longitude. Therefore, each chunk is (365, 360, 360), with each chunk occupying approximately 180MB in memory.

Historical data is daily, excluding leap days, from Jan 1, 1950 to Dec 31, 2014; SSP data is daily, excluding leap days, from Jan 1, 2015 to either Dec 31, 2099 or Dec 31, 2100, depending on data availability in the source GCM.

The spatial domain covers all 0.25-degree grid cells, indexed by the grid center, with grid edges on the quarter-degree, using a -180 to 180 longitude convention. Thus, the “lon” coordinate extends from -179.875 to 179.875, and the “lat” coordinate extends from -89.875 to 89.875, with intermediate values at each 0.25-degree increment between (e.g. -179.875, -179.625, -179.375, etc).

Notes:

See the following examples on github: github.com/microsoft/PlanetaryComputerExamples

• Exploring the GDPCIR dataset with the STAC API: cil-gdpcir-example.ipynb
• Selecting STAC collections and building an ensemble: ensemble.ipynb
• Computing climate & impact indicators with xclim: indicators.ipynb

You can try these out in a live example on Binder:

This project makes use of statistical bias correction and downscaling algorithms, which are specifically designed to accurately represent changes in the extremes. For this reason, we selected Quantile Delta Mapping (QDM), following the method introduced by Cannon et al. (2015), which preserves quantile-specific trends from the GCM while fitting the full distribution for a given day-of-year to a reference dataset (ERA5).

We then introduce a similar method tailored to increase spatial resolution while preserving extreme behavior, Quantile-Preserving Localized-Analog Downscaling (QPLAD).

Together, these methods provide a robust means to handle both the central and tail behavior seen in climate model output, while aligning the full distribution to a state-of-the-art reanalysis dataset and providing the spatial granularity needed to study surface impacts.

A publication providing additional detail is in review for publication in Geoscientific Model Development and a pre-print can be accessed in EGUsphere: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2023/egusphere-2022-1513/.

The ClimateImpactLab/downscaleCMIP6 repository contains infrastructure setup, argo workflows, and validation notebooks which together produce the bias corrected and downscaled daily 1/4-degree CMIP6 tasmin, tasmax, and pr data for the Climate Impact Lab Global Downscaled Projections for Climate Impacts Research (CIL GDPCIR) project.

See also:

• ClimateImpactLab/dodola: python package containing the full project implementation called by the argo workflows in this repository
• ClimateImpactLab/xclim: Climate Impact Lab fork of the downscaling engine Ouranosinc/xclim (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2795043) called by dodola for the Quantile Delta Mapping (QDM) and the Quantile Preserving Localized Analogs Downscaling (QPLAD) steps

Projects making use of the data produced as part of the Climate Impact Lab Global Downscaled Projections for Climate Impacts Research (CIL GDPCIR) project are requested to cite both this project and the source datasets from which these results are derived. Additionally, the use of data derived from some GCMs requires citations. See each GCM's license info in the links below for more information.

Users are requested to cite this project in derived works.

Gergel, D. R., Malevich, S. B., McCusker, K. E., Tenezakis, E., Delgado, M. T., Fish, M. A., and Kopp, R. E.: Global Downscaled Projections for Climate Impacts Research (GDPCIR): preserving quantile trends for modeling future climate impacts, Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 191–227, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-191-2024, 2024.

Additionally, we request you cite the historical dataset used in bias correction and downscaling, ERA5. See the ECMWF guide to citing a dataset on the Climate Data Store:

Hersbach, H, et al. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q J R Meteorol Soc.2020; 146: 1999–2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803

Muñoz Sabater, J., (2019): ERA5-Land hourly data from 1981 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS). (Accessed on June 4, 2021), 10.24381/cds.e2161bac

Muñoz Sabater, J., (2021): ERA5-Land hourly data from 1950 to 1980. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS). (Accessed on June 4, 2021), 10.24381/cds.e2161bac

The CMIP6 simulation data made available through the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) are subject to Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0 or BY-NC-SA 4.0 licenses. We have reached out to each of the modeling institutions to request waivers from these terms so the outputs of this project may be used with fewer restrictions, and have been granted permission to release our data using the licenses listed here.

The following bias corrected and downscaled model simulations are available in the public domain using a CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Declaration. Access the collection on Planetary Computer at https://planetarycomputer.microsoft.com/dataset/cil-gdpcir-cc0.

• FGOALS-g3

  License description: data_licenses/FGOALS-g3.txt

  CMIP Citation:

  Li, Lijuan (2019). CAS FGOALS-g3 model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20190826. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1783

  ScenarioMIP Citation:

  Li, Lijuan (2019). CAS FGOALS-g3 model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP. SSP1-2.6 version 20190818; SSP2-4.5 version 20190818; SSP3-7.0 version 20190820; SSP5-8.5 tasmax version 20190819; SSP5-8.5 tasmin version 20190819; SSP5-8.5 pr version 20190818. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.2056

• INM-CM4-8

  License description: data_licenses/INM-CM4-8.txt

  CMIP Citation:

  Volodin, Evgeny; Mortikov, Evgeny; Gritsun, Andrey; Lykossov, Vasily; Galin, Vener; Diansky, Nikolay; Gusev, Anatoly; Kostrykin, Sergey; Iakovlev, Nikolay; Shestakova, Anna; Emelina, Svetlana (2019). INM INM-CM4-8 model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20190530. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1422

  ScenarioMIP Citation:

  Volodin, Evgeny; Mortikov, Evgeny; Gritsun, Andrey; Lykossov, Vasily; Galin, Vener; Diansky, Nikolay; Gusev, Anatoly; Kostrykin, Sergey; Iakovlev, Nikolay; Shestakova, Anna; Emelina, Svetlana (2019). INM INM-CM4-8 model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP. Version 20190603. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.12321

• INM-CM5-0

  License description: data_licenses/INM-CM5-0.txt

  CMIP Citation:

  Volodin, Evgeny; Mortikov, Evgeny; Gritsun, Andrey; Lykossov, Vasily; Galin, Vener; Diansky, Nikolay; Gusev, Anatoly; Kostrykin, Sergey; Iakovlev, Nikolay; Shestakova, Anna; Emelina, Svetlana (2019). INM INM-CM5-0 model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20190610. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1423

  ScenarioMIP Citation:

  Volodin, Evgeny; Mortikov, Evgeny; Gritsun, Andrey; Lykossov, Vasily; Galin, Vener; Diansky, Nikolay; Gusev, Anatoly; Kostrykin, Sergey; Iakovlev, Nikolay; Shestakova, Anna; Emelina, Svetlana (2019). INM INM-CM5-0 model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP. SSP1-2.6 version 20190619; SSP2-4.5 version 20190619; SSP3-7.0 version 20190618; SSP5-8.5 version 20190724. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.12322

The following bias corrected and downscaled model simulations are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Note that this license requires citation of the source model output (included here). Please see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ for more information. Access the collection on Planetary Computer at https://planetarycomputer.microsoft.com/dataset/cil-gdpcir-cc-by.

• ACCESS-CM2

  License description: data_licenses/ACCESS-CM2.txt

  CMIP Citation:

  Dix, Martin; Bi, Doahua; Dobrohotoff, Peter; Fiedler, Russell; Harman, Ian; Law, Rachel; Mackallah, Chloe; Marsland, Simon; O'Farrell, Siobhan; Rashid, Harun; Srbinovsky, Jhan; Sullivan, Arnold; Trenham, Claire; Vohralik, Peter; Watterson, Ian; Williams, Gareth; Woodhouse, Matthew; Bodman, Roger; Dias, Fabio Boeira; Domingues, Catia; Hannah, Nicholas; Heerdegen, Aidan; Savita, Abhishek; Wales, Scott; Allen, Chris; Druken, Kelsey; Evans, Ben; Richards, Clare; Ridzwan, Syazwan Mohamed; Roberts, Dale; Smillie, Jon; Snow, Kate; Ward, Marshall; Yang, Rui (2019). CSIRO-ARCCSS ACCESS-CM2 model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20191108. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.2281

  ScenarioMIP Citation:

  Dix, Martin; Bi, Doahua; Dobrohotoff, Peter; Fiedler, Russell; Harman, Ian; Law, Rachel; Mackallah, Chloe; Marsland, Simon; O'Farrell, Siobhan; Rashid, Harun; Srbinovsky, Jhan; Sullivan, Arnold; Trenham, Claire; Vohralik, Peter; Watterson, Ian; Williams, Gareth; Woodhouse, Matthew; Bodman, Roger; Dias, Fabio Boeira; Domingues, Catia; Hannah, Nicholas; Heerdegen, Aidan; Savita, Abhishek; Wales, Scott; Allen, Chris; Druken, Kelsey; Evans, Ben; Richards, Clare; Ridzwan, Syazwan Mohamed; Roberts, Dale; Smillie, Jon; Snow, Kate; Ward, Marshall; Yang, Rui (2019). CSIRO-ARCCSS ACCESS-CM2 model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP. Version 20191108. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.2285

• ACCESS-ESM1-5

  License description: data_licenses/ACCESS-ESM1-5.txt

  CMIP Citation:

  Ziehn, Tilo; Chamberlain, Matthew; Lenton, Andrew; Law, Rachel; Bodman, Roger; Dix, Martin; Wang, Yingping; Dobrohotoff, Peter; Srbinovsky, Jhan; Stevens, Lauren; Vohralik, Peter; Mackallah, Chloe; Sullivan, Arnold; O'Farrell, Siobhan; Druken, Kelsey (2019). CSIRO ACCESS-ESM1.5 model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20191115. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.2288

  ScenarioMIP Citation:

  Ziehn, Tilo; Chamberlain, Matthew; Lenton, Andrew; Law, Rachel; Bodman, Roger; Dix, Martin; Wang, Yingping; Dobrohotoff, Peter; Srbinovsky, Jhan; Stevens, Lauren; Vohralik, Peter; Mackallah, Chloe; Sullivan, Arnold; O'Farrell, Siobhan; Druken, Kelsey (2019). CSIRO ACCESS-ESM1.5 model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP. Version 20191115. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.2291

• BCC-CSM2-MR

  License description: data_licenses/BCC-CSM2-MR.txt

  CMIP Citation:

  Xin, Xiaoge; Zhang, Jie; Zhang, Fang; Wu, Tongwen; Shi, Xueli; Li, Jianglong; Chu, Min; Liu, Qianxia; Yan, Jinghui; Ma, Qiang; Wei, Min (2018). BCC BCC-CSM2MR model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20181126. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1725

  ScenarioMIP Citation:

  Xin, Xiaoge; Wu, Tongwen; Shi, Xueli; Zhang, Fang; Li, Jianglong; Chu, Min; Liu, Qianxia; Yan, Jinghui; Ma, Qiang; Wei, Min (2019). BCC BCC-CSM2MR model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP. SSP1-2.6 version 20190315; SSP2-4.5 version 20190318; SSP3-7.0 version 20190318; SSP5-8.5 version 20190318. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1732

• CanESM5

  License description: data_licenses/CanESM5.txt

  CMIP Citation:

  Swart, Neil Cameron; Cole, Jason N.S.; Kharin, Viatcheslav V.; Lazare, Mike; Scinocca, John F.; Gillett, Nathan P.; Anstey, James; Arora, Vivek; Christian, James R.; Jiao, Yanjun; Lee, Warren G.; Majaess, Fouad; Saenko, Oleg A.; Seiler, Christian; Seinen, Clint; Shao, Andrew; Solheim, Larry; von Salzen, Knut; Yang, Duo; Winter, Barbara; Sigmond, Michael (2019). CCCma CanESM5 model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20190429. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1303

  ScenarioMIP Citation:

  Swart, Neil Cameron; Cole, Jason N.S.; Kharin, Viatcheslav V.; Lazare, Mike; Scinocca, John F.; Gillett, Nathan P.; Anstey, James; Arora, Vivek; Christian, James R.; Jiao, Yanjun; Lee, Warren G.; Majaess, Fouad; Saenko, Oleg A.; Seiler, Christian; Seinen, Clint; Shao, Andrew; Solheim, Larry; von Salzen, Knut; Yang, Duo; Winter, Barbara; Sigmond, Michael (2019). CCCma CanESM5 model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP. Version 20190429. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1317

• CMCC-CM2-SR5

  License description: data_licenses/CMCC-CM2-SR5.txt

  CMIP Citation:

  Lovato, Tomas; Peano, Daniele (2020). CMCC CMCC-CM2-SR5 model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20200616. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1362

  ScenarioMIP Citation:

  Lovato, Tomas; Peano, Daniele (2020). CMCC CMCC-CM2-SR5 model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP. SSP1-2.6 version 20200717; SSP2-4.5 version 20200617; SSP3-7.0 version 20200622; SSP5-8.5 version 20200622. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1365

• CMCC-ESM2

  License description: data_licenses/CMCC-ESM2.txt

  CMIP Citation:

  Lovato, Tomas; Peano, Daniele; Butenschön, Momme (2021). CMCC CMCC-ESM2 model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20210114. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.13164

  ScenarioMIP Citation:

  Lovato, Tomas; Peano, Daniele; Butenschön, Momme (2021). CMCC CMCC-ESM2 model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP. SSP1-2.6 version 20210126; SSP2-4.5 version 20210129; SSP3-7.0 version 20210202; SSP5-8.5 version 20210126. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.13168

• EC-Earth3-AerChem

  License description: data_licenses/EC-Earth3-AerChem.txt

  CMIP Citation:

  EC-Earth Consortium (EC-Earth) (2020). EC-Earth-Consortium EC-Earth3-AerChem model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20200624. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.639

  ScenarioMIP Citation:

  EC-Earth Consortium (EC-Earth) (2020). EC-Earth-Consortium EC-Earth3-AerChem model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP. Version 20200827. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.724

• EC-Earth3-CC

  License description: data_licenses/EC-Earth3-CC.txt

  CMIP Citation:

  EC-Earth Consortium (EC-Earth) (2020). EC-Earth-Consortium EC-Earth-3-CC model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20210113. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.640

  ScenarioMIP Citation:

  EC-Earth Consortium (EC-Earth) (2021). EC-Earth-Consortium EC-Earth3-CC model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP. Version 20210113. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.15327

• EC-Earth3-Veg-LR

  License description: data_licenses/EC-Earth3-Veg-LR.txt

  CMIP Citation:

  EC-Earth Consortium (EC-Earth) (2020). EC-Earth-Consortium EC-Earth3-Veg-LR model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20200217. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.643

  ScenarioMIP Citation:

  EC-Earth Consortium (EC-Earth) (2020). EC-Earth-Consortium EC-Earth3-Veg-LR model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP. SSP1-2.6 version 20201201; SSP2-4.5 version 20201123; SSP3-7.0 version 20201123; SSP5-8.5 version 20201201. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.728

• EC-Earth3-Veg

  License description: data_licenses/EC-Earth3-Veg.txt

  CMIP Citation:

  EC-Earth Consortium (EC-Earth) (2019). EC-Earth-Consortium EC-Earth3-Veg model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20200225. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.642

  ScenarioMIP Citation:

  EC-Earth Consortium (EC-Earth) (2019). EC-Earth-Consortium EC-Earth3-Veg model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP. Version 20200225. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.727

• EC-Earth3

  License description: data_licenses/EC-Earth3.txt

  CMIP Citation:

  EC-Earth Consortium (EC-Earth) (2019). EC-Earth-Consortium EC-Earth3 model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20200310. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.181

  ScenarioMIP Citation:

  EC-Earth Consortium (EC-Earth) (2019). EC-Earth-Consortium EC-Earth3 model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP. Version 20200310. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.251

• GFDL-CM4

  License description: data_licenses/GFDL-CM4.txt

  CMIP Citation:

  Guo, Huan; John, Jasmin G; Blanton, Chris; McHugh, Colleen; Nikonov, Serguei; Radhakrishnan, Aparna; Rand, Kristopher; Zadeh, Niki T.; Balaji, V; Durachta, Jeff; Dupuis, Christopher; Menzel, Raymond; Robinson, Thomas; Underwood, Seth; Vahlenkamp, Hans; Bushuk, Mitchell; Dunne, Krista A.; Dussin, Raphael; Gauthier, Paul PG; Ginoux, Paul; Griffies, Stephen M.; Hallberg, Robert; Harrison, Matthew; Hurlin, William; Lin, Pu; Malyshev, Sergey; Naik, Vaishali; Paulot, Fabien; Paynter, David J; Ploshay, Jeffrey; Reichl, Brandon G; Schwarzkopf, Daniel M; Seman, Charles J; Shao, Andrew; Silvers, Levi; Wyman, Bruce; Yan, Xiaoqin; Zeng, Yujin; Adcroft, Alistair; Dunne, John P.; Held, Isaac M; Krasting, John P.; Horowitz, Larry W.; Milly, P.C.D; Shevliakova, Elena; Winton, Michael; Zhao, Ming; Zhang, Rong (2018). NOAA-GFDL GFDL-CM4 model output. Version 20180701. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1402

  ScenarioMIP Citation:

  Guo, Huan; John, Jasmin G; Blanton, Chris; McHugh, Colleen; Nikonov, Serguei; Radhakrishnan, Aparna; Rand, Kristopher; Zadeh, Niki T.; Balaji, V; Durachta, Jeff; Dupuis, Christopher; Menzel, Raymond; Robinson, Thomas; Underwood, Seth; Vahlenkamp, Hans; Dunne, Krista A.; Gauthier, Paul PG; Ginoux, Paul; Griffies, Stephen M.; Hallberg, Robert; Harrison, Matthew; Hurlin, William; Lin, Pu; Malyshev, Sergey; Naik, Vaishali; Paulot, Fabien; Paynter, David J; Ploshay, Jeffrey; Schwarzkopf, Daniel M; Seman, Charles J; Shao, Andrew; Silvers, Levi; Wyman, Bruce; Yan, Xiaoqin; Zeng, Yujin; Adcroft, Alistair; Dunne, John P.; Held, Isaac M; Krasting, John P.; Horowitz, Larry W.; Milly, Chris; Shevliakova, Elena; Winton, Michael; Zhao, Ming; Zhang, Rong (2018). NOAA-GFDL GFDL-CM4 model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP. Version 20180701. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.9242

• GFDL-ESM4

  License description: data_licenses/GFDL-ESM4.txt

  CMIP Citation:

  Krasting, John P.; John, Jasmin G; Blanton, Chris; McHugh, Colleen; Nikonov, Serguei; Radhakrishnan, Aparna; Rand, Kristopher; Zadeh, Niki T.; Balaji, V; Durachta, Jeff; Dupuis, Christopher; Menzel, Raymond; Robinson, Thomas; Underwood, Seth; Vahlenkamp, Hans; Dunne, Krista A.; Gauthier, Paul PG; Ginoux, Paul; Griffies, Stephen M.; Hallberg, Robert; Harrison, Matthew; Hurlin, William; Malyshev, Sergey; Naik, Vaishali; Paulot, Fabien; Paynter, David J; Ploshay, Jeffrey; Reichl, Brandon G; Schwarzkopf, Daniel M; Seman, Charles J; Silvers, Levi; Wyman, Bruce; Zeng, Yujin; Adcroft, Alistair; Dunne, John P.; Dussin, Raphael; Guo, Huan; He, Jian; Held, Isaac M; Horowitz, Larry W.; Lin, Pu; Milly, P.C.D; Shevliakova, Elena; Stock, Charles; Winton, Michael; Wittenberg, Andrew T.; Xie, Yuanyu; Zhao, Ming (2018). NOAA-GFDL GFDL-ESM4 model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20190726. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1407

  ScenarioMIP Citation:

  John, Jasmin G; Blanton, Chris; McHugh, Colleen; Radhakrishnan, Aparna; Rand, Kristopher; Vahlenkamp, Hans; Wilson, Chandin; Zadeh, Niki T.; Dunne, John P.; Dussin, Raphael; Horowitz, Larry W.; Krasting, John P.; Lin, Pu; Malyshev, Sergey; Naik, Vaishali; Ploshay, Jeffrey; Shevliakova, Elena; Silvers, Levi; Stock, Charles; Winton, Michael; Zeng, Yujin (2018). NOAA-GFDL GFDL-ESM4 model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP. Version 20180701. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1414

• HadGEM3-GC31-LL

  License description: data_licenses/HadGEM3-GC31-LL.txt

  CMIP Citation:

  Ridley, Jeff; Menary, Matthew; Kuhlbrodt, Till; Andrews, Martin; Andrews, Tim (2018). MOHC HadGEM3-GC31-LL model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20190624. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.419

  ScenarioMIP Citation:

  Good, Peter (2019). MOHC HadGEM3-GC31-LL model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP. SSP1-2.6 version 20200114; SSP2-4.5 version 20190908; SSP5-8.5 version 20200114. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.10845

• MIROC-ES2L

  License description: data_licenses/MIROC-ES2L.txt

  CMIP Citation:

  Hajima, Tomohiro; Abe, Manabu; Arakawa, Osamu; Suzuki, Tatsuo; Komuro, Yoshiki; Ogura, Tomoo; Ogochi, Koji; Watanabe, Michio; Yamamoto, Akitomo; Tatebe, Hiroaki; Noguchi, Maki A.; Ohgaito, Rumi; Ito, Akinori; Yamazaki, Dai; Ito, Akihiko; Takata, Kumiko; Watanabe, Shingo; Kawamiya, Michio; Tachiiri, Kaoru (2019). MIROC MIROC-ES2L model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20191129. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.902

  ScenarioMIP Citation:

  Tachiiri, Kaoru; Abe, Manabu; Hajima, Tomohiro; Arakawa, Osamu; Suzuki, Tatsuo; Komuro, Yoshiki; Ogochi, Koji; Watanabe, Michio; Yamamoto, Akitomo; Tatebe, Hiroaki; Noguchi, Maki A.; Ohgaito, Rumi; Ito, Akinori; Yamazaki, Dai; Ito, Akihiko; Takata, Kumiko; Watanabe, Shingo; Kawamiya, Michio (2019). MIROC MIROC-ES2L model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP. Version 20200318. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.936

• MIROC6

  License description: data_licenses/MIROC6.txt

  CMIP Citation:

  Tatebe, Hiroaki; Watanabe, Masahiro (2018). MIROC MIROC6 model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20191016. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.881

  ScenarioMIP Citation:

  Shiogama, Hideo; Abe, Manabu; Tatebe, Hiroaki (2019). MIROC MIROC6 model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP. Version 20191016. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.898

• MPI-ESM1-2-HR

  License description: data_licenses/MPI-ESM1-2-HR.txt

  CMIP Citation:

  Jungclaus, Johann; Bittner, Matthias; Wieners, Karl-Hermann; Wachsmann, Fabian; Schupfner, Martin; Legutke, Stephanie; Giorgetta, Marco; Reick, Christian; Gayler, Veronika; Haak, Helmuth; de Vrese, Philipp; Raddatz, Thomas; Esch, Monika; Mauritsen, Thorsten; von Storch, Jin-Song; Behrens, Jörg; Brovkin, Victor; Claussen, Martin; Crueger, Traute; Fast, Irina; Fiedler, Stephanie; Hagemann, Stefan; Hohenegger, Cathy; Jahns, Thomas; Kloster, Silvia; Kinne, Stefan; Lasslop, Gitta; Kornblueh, Luis; Marotzke, Jochem; Matei, Daniela; Meraner, Katharina; Mikolajewicz, Uwe; Modali, Kameswarrao; Müller, Wolfgang; Nabel, Julia; Notz, Dirk; Peters-von Gehlen, Karsten; Pincus, Robert; Pohlmann, Holger; Pongratz, Julia; Rast, Sebastian; Schmidt, Hauke; Schnur, Reiner; Schulzweida, Uwe; Six, Katharina; Stevens, Bjorn; Voigt, Aiko; Roeckner, Erich (2019). MPI-M MPIESM1.2-HR model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20190710. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.741

  ScenarioMIP Citation:

  Schupfner, Martin; Wieners, Karl-Hermann; Wachsmann, Fabian; Steger, Christian; Bittner, Matthias; Jungclaus, Johann; Früh, Barbara; Pankatz, Klaus; Giorgetta, Marco; Reick, Christian; Legutke, Stephanie; Esch, Monika; Gayler, Veronika; Haak, Helmuth; de Vrese, Philipp; Raddatz, Thomas; Mauritsen, Thorsten; von Storch, Jin-Song; Behrens, Jörg; Brovkin, Victor; Claussen, Martin; Crueger, Traute; Fast, Irina; Fiedler, Stephanie; Hagemann, Stefan; Hohenegger, Cathy; Jahns, Thomas; Kloster, Silvia; Kinne, Stefan; Lasslop, Gitta; Kornblueh, Luis; Marotzke, Jochem; Matei, Daniela; Meraner, Katharina; Mikolajewicz, Uwe; Modali, Kameswarrao; Müller, Wolfgang; Nabel, Julia; Notz, Dirk; Peters-von Gehlen, Karsten; Pincus, Robert; Pohlmann, Holger; Pongratz, Julia; Rast, Sebastian; Schmidt, Hauke; Schnur, Reiner; Schulzweida, Uwe; Six, Katharina; Stevens, Bjorn; Voigt, Aiko; Roeckner, Erich (2019). DKRZ MPI-ESM1.2-HR model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP. Version 20190710. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.2450

• MPI-ESM1-2-LR

  License description: data_licenses/MPI-ESM1-2-LR.txt

  CMIP Citation:

  Wieners, Karl-Hermann; Giorgetta, Marco; Jungclaus, Johann; Reick, Christian; Esch, Monika; Bittner, Matthias; Legutke, Stephanie; Schupfner, Martin; Wachsmann, Fabian; Gayler, Veronika; Haak, Helmuth; de Vrese, Philipp; Raddatz, Thomas; Mauritsen, Thorsten; von Storch, Jin-Song; Behrens, Jörg; Brovkin, Victor; Claussen, Martin; Crueger, Traute; Fast, Irina; Fiedler, Stephanie; Hagemann, Stefan; Hohenegger, Cathy; Jahns, Thomas; Kloster, Silvia; Kinne, Stefan; Lasslop, Gitta; Kornblueh, Luis; Marotzke, Jochem; Matei, Daniela; Meraner, Katharina; Mikolajewicz, Uwe; Modali, Kameswarrao; Müller, Wolfgang; Nabel, Julia; Notz, Dirk; Peters-von Gehlen, Karsten; Pincus, Robert; Pohlmann, Holger; Pongratz, Julia; Rast, Sebastian; Schmidt, Hauke; Schnur, Reiner; Schulzweida, Uwe; Six, Katharina; Stevens, Bjorn; Voigt, Aiko; Roeckner, Erich (2019). MPI-M MPIESM1.2-LR model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20190710. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.742

  ScenarioMIP Citation:

  Wieners, Karl-Hermann; Giorgetta, Marco; Jungclaus, Johann; Reick, Christian; Esch, Monika; Bittner, Matthias; Gayler, Veronika; Haak, Helmuth; de Vrese, Philipp; Raddatz, Thomas; Mauritsen, Thorsten; von Storch, Jin-Song; Behrens, Jörg; Brovkin, Victor; Claussen, Martin; Crueger, Traute; Fast, Irina; Fiedler, Stephanie; Hagemann, Stefan; Hohenegger, Cathy; Jahns, Thomas; Kloster, Silvia; Kinne, Stefan; Lasslop, Gitta; Kornblueh, Luis; Marotzke, Jochem; Matei, Daniela; Meraner, Katharina; Mikolajewicz, Uwe; Modali, Kameswarrao; Müller, Wolfgang; Nabel, Julia; Notz, Dirk; Peters-von Gehlen, Karsten; Pincus, Robert; Pohlmann, Holger; Pongratz, Julia; Rast, Sebastian; Schmidt, Hauke; Schnur, Reiner; Schulzweida, Uwe; Six, Katharina; Stevens, Bjorn; Voigt, Aiko; Roeckner, Erich (2019). MPI-M MPIESM1.2-LR model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP. Version 20190710. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.793

• NESM3

  License description: data_licenses/NESM3.txt

  CMIP Citation:

  Cao, Jian; Wang, Bin (2019). NUIST NESMv3 model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20190812. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.2021

  ScenarioMIP Citation:

  Cao, Jian (2019). NUIST NESMv3 model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP. SSP1-2.6 version 20190806; SSP2-4.5 version 20190805; SSP5-8.5 version 20190811. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.2027

• NorESM2-LM

  License description: data_licenses/NorESM2-LM.txt

  CMIP Citation:

  Seland, Øyvind; Bentsen, Mats; Oliviè, Dirk Jan Leo; Toniazzo, Thomas; Gjermundsen, Ada; Graff, Lise Seland; Debernard, Jens Boldingh; Gupta, Alok Kumar; He, Yanchun; Kirkevåg, Alf; Schwinger, Jörg; Tjiputra, Jerry; Aas, Kjetil Schanke; Bethke, Ingo; Fan, Yuanchao; Griesfeller, Jan; Grini, Alf; Guo, Chuncheng; Ilicak, Mehmet; Karset, Inger Helene Hafsahl; Landgren, Oskar Andreas; Liakka, Johan; Moseid, Kine Onsum; Nummelin, Aleksi; Spensberger, Clemens; Tang, Hui; Zhang, Zhongshi; Heinze, Christoph; Iversen, Trond; Schulz, Michael (2019). NCC NorESM2-LM model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20190815. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.502

  ScenarioMIP Citation:

  Seland, Øyvind; Bentsen, Mats; Oliviè, Dirk Jan Leo; Toniazzo, Thomas; Gjermundsen, Ada; Graff, Lise Seland; Debernard, Jens Boldingh; Gupta, Alok Kumar; He, Yanchun; Kirkevåg, Alf; Schwinger, Jörg; Tjiputra, Jerry; Aas, Kjetil Schanke; Bethke, Ingo; Fan, Yuanchao; Griesfeller, Jan; Grini, Alf; Guo, Chuncheng; Ilicak, Mehmet; Karset, Inger Helene Hafsahl; Landgren, Oskar Andreas; Liakka, Johan; Moseid, Kine Onsum; Nummelin, Aleksi; Spensberger, Clemens; Tang, Hui; Zhang, Zhongshi; Heinze, Christoph; Iversen, Trond; Schulz, Michael (2019). NCC NorESM2-LM model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP. Version 20191108. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.604

• NorESM2-MM

  License description: data_licenses/NorESM2-MM.txt

  CMIP Citation:

  Bentsen, Mats; Oliviè, Dirk Jan Leo; Seland, Øyvind; Toniazzo, Thomas; Gjermundsen, Ada; Graff, Lise Seland; Debernard, Jens Boldingh; Gupta, Alok Kumar; He, Yanchun; Kirkevåg, Alf; Schwinger, Jörg; Tjiputra, Jerry; Aas, Kjetil Schanke; Bethke, Ingo; Fan, Yuanchao; Griesfeller, Jan; Grini, Alf; Guo, Chuncheng; Ilicak, Mehmet; Karset, Inger Helene Hafsahl; Landgren, Oskar Andreas; Liakka, Johan; Moseid, Kine Onsum; Nummelin, Aleksi; Spensberger, Clemens; Tang, Hui; Zhang, Zhongshi; Heinze, Christoph; Iversen, Trond; Schulz, Michael (2019). NCC NorESM2-MM model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20191108. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.506

  ScenarioMIP Citation:

  Bentsen, Mats; Oliviè, Dirk Jan Leo; Seland, Øyvind; Toniazzo, Thomas; Gjermundsen, Ada; Graff, Lise Seland; Debernard, Jens Boldingh; Gupta, Alok Kumar; He, Yanchun; Kirkevåg, Alf; Schwinger, Jörg; Tjiputra, Jerry; Aas, Kjetil Schanke; Bethke, Ingo; Fan, Yuanchao; Griesfeller, Jan; Grini, Alf; Guo, Chuncheng; Ilicak, Mehmet; Karset, Inger Helene Hafsahl; Landgren, Oskar Andreas; Liakka, Johan; Moseid, Kine Onsum; Nummelin, Aleksi; Spensberger, Clemens; Tang, Hui; Zhang, Zhongshi; Heinze, Christoph; Iversen, Trond; Schulz, Michael (2019). NCC NorESM2-MM model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP. Version 20191108. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.608

• UKESM1-0-LL

  License description: data_licenses/UKESM1-0-LL.txt

  CMIP Citation:

  Tang, Yongming; Rumbold, Steve; Ellis, Rich; Kelley, Douglas; Mulcahy, Jane; Sellar, Alistair; Walton, Jeremy; Jones, Colin (2019). MOHC UKESM1.0-LL model output prepared for CMIP6 CMIP. Version 20190627. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1569

  ScenarioMIP Citation:

  Good, Peter; Sellar, Alistair; Tang, Yongming; Rumbold, Steve; Ellis, Rich; Kelley, Douglas; Kuhlbrodt, Till; Walton, Jeremy (2019). MOHC UKESM1.0-LL model output prepared for CMIP6 ScenarioMIP. SSP1-2.6 version 20190708; SSP2-4.5 version 20190715; SSP3-7.0 version 20190726; SSP5-8.5 version 20190726. Earth System Grid Federation. https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/CMIP6.1567

This work is the result of many years worth of work by members of the Climate Impact Lab, but would not have been possible without many contributions from across the wider scientific and computing communities.

Specifically, we would like to acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme's Working Group on Coupled Modeling, which is responsible for CMIP, and we would like to thank the climate modeling groups for producing and making their model output available. We would particularly like to thank the modeling institutions whose results are included as an input to this repository (listed above) for their contributions to the CMIP6 project and for responding to and granting our requests for license waivers.

We would also like to thank Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, the Pangeo Consortium (and especially the ESGF Cloud Data Working Group) and Google Cloud and the Google Public Datasets program for making the CMIP6 Google Cloud collection possible. In particular we're extremely grateful to Ryan Abernathey, Naomi Henderson, Charles Blackmon-Luca, Aparna Radhakrishnan, Julius Busecke, and Charles Stern for the huge amount of work they've done to translate the ESGF CMIP6 netCDF archives into consistently-formattted, analysis-ready zarr stores on Google Cloud.

We're also grateful to the xclim developers (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2795043), in particular Pascal Bourgault, David Huard, and Travis Logan, for implementing the QDM bias correction method in the xclim python package, supporting our QPLAD implementation into the package, and ongoing support in integrating dask into downscaling workflows. For method advice and useful conversations, we would like to thank Keith Dixon, Dennis Adams-Smith, and Joe Hamman.

This research has been supported by The Rockefeller Foundation and the Microsoft AI for Earth Initiative.