Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-cfpbc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-18T14:21:58.063Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Global Media and Local Verbal Art Representations of Northern Malian Tuareg

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 April 2017

Abstract:

This article offers a critique of widely disseminated portrayals of northern Malian Tuareg by outside media, which tend to portray all Tuareg as warriors and criminals and to project pseudo-scientific concepts of “race” onto relationships between Tuareg and other Malians, recalling the now discredited colonial “Hamitic Myth” in Rwanda. It also analyzes local oral historical accounts that present themes of Mali as both a protected fortress and welcoming crossroads, a country that both resists and absorbs intruders, and that also express concepts of identity based on language, culture, and flexible social affiliation. The article is based partly on interviews with internationally known local musicians who function as mediating “third voices,” and concludes with a discussion of wider implications of these findings for notions of voice, authority, and the mutual construction of ideas of Africa.

Résumé:

Les médias extérieurs tendent à décrire les Touaregs comme des guerriers et des criminels et à projeter des concepts pseudo-scientifiques de “race” sur les relations entre les Touaregs et les autres Maliens, rappelant le “mythe hamitique” au Rwanda. Ce papier analyse les récits historiques oraux locaux qui présentent les thèmes du Mali comme une forteresse protégée et un carrefour accueillant, un pays qui résiste et absorbe les intrus et qui exprime aussi des concepts d’identité fondés sur la langue, la culture et l’affiliation sociale flexible. Cet article est basé en partie sur des entretiens avec des musiciens locaux connus à l’échelle internationale qui fonctionnent comme des “troisièmes voix” médiatrices et conclut avec une discussion des implications plus larges de ces résultats pour les notions de voix, d’autorité et la construction mutuelle des idées en Afrique.

Type
ASR FORUM ON MALI
Copyright
Copyright © African Studies Association 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ag Assarid, M. 2006. Y a pas d’embouteillage dans le desert! Paris: Presses de la Renaissance.Google Scholar
Ag Erless, Mohamed, and Kone, Djibril. 2013. Le Patriote et le Djihadiste. Paris: l’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Ag Soliman, Alhassane. 1999. Bons et mauvais presages. Paris: l’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Al-Koni, I. 2002. The Bleeding of the Stone. Translated by Joyyusi, M. and Tingley, C.. New York: Interlink Books.Google Scholar
Armstrong, Hannah. 2013. “Mali’s Light-Skinned Loyalists Defy Mounting Sectarianism.” Twitter feed, May 11. www.icwa.org.Google Scholar
Badi, Dida. 2010. “Genesis and Change in the Socio-Political Structure of the Tuareg.” In Tuareg Society within a Globalized World, edited by Fischer, Anja and Kohl, Ines, 7589. London: Tauris Academic Studies.Google Scholar
Bernus, Edmond. 1981. Les Touaregs Nigeriens. Paris: ORSTOM.Google Scholar
Boilley, Pierre. 1999. Les Touaregs Kel Adagh: dependances et revoltes: du Soudan francais au Mali contemporain, homes et societies. Paris: Karthala.Google Scholar
Bouman, Annemarie. 2003. Benefits of Belonging: Dynamics of Iklan Identity, Burkina Faso. Rotterdam: Optima.Google Scholar
Claudot-Hawad, Helene. 1993. Touaregs: Portrait en fragments. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud.Google Scholar
Claudot-Hawad, Helene. 1996. Touaregs et autres Sahariens entre plusieurs mondes. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud.Google Scholar
Claudot-Hawad, Helene. 2002. Voyager d’un point de vue nomade. Paris: Mediterranee.Google Scholar
Clifford, James. 1988. The Predicament of Culture. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Dayak, Mano. 1996. Je suis ne avec du sable dans les yeux. Paris: Editions Fixot.Google Scholar
Di Leonardo, Micaela. 1998. Exotics at Home. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Executive Analysis. 2011. “North Africa: Tuareg, Mali, and a Post-Gadaffi Sahel: Rising Risks to Oil Exploration and Mining Operations.” November 18. http//allafrica.com.Google Scholar
Fabian, Johannes. 1983. Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Hale, Thomas. 1998. Griots and Griottes. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Hannoum, Abdelmajid. 2001. Colonial Histories, Postcolonial Memories. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Hawad, Mahmoudan. 1979. “La Tagdudt.” In Tisuruf: Groupe d’etudes berberes. Bulletin d’Etudes Berbères, University Paris VIII 8 (3): 7982.Google Scholar
Herzfeld, Michael. 2001. Anthropology. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hoffman, Barbara. 1995. “Power, Structure, and Mande jeliw.” In Status and Identity in West Africa: Nyamakalaw of Mande, edited by Conrad, David C. and Frank, Barbara E., 3657. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Keenan, Jeremy. 1976. Tuareg: People of Ahaggar. London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar
Keenan, Jeremy. 2004. The Lesser Gods of the Sahara. London: Frank Cass.Google Scholar
Kohl, Ines. 2009. Beautiful Modern Nomads. Berlin: Reimer Verlag.Google Scholar
Kohl, Ines, and Fischer, Anja. 2010. Tuareg Society within a Globalized World. London: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Kone, Kassim. 2013. “The End of Tuareg Apartheid in the Sahel.” Fieldsights Hot Spots, Cultural Anthropology Online, June 10. http://culanth.org.Google Scholar
Kopytoff, Igor, and Meiers, Suzanne. 1977. Slavery in Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Lecocq, Baz. 2005, “The Bellah Question: Slave Emancipation, Race, and Social Categories in Late Twentieth-Century Northern Mali.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 39 (1): 2–68.Google Scholar
Lemarchand, Rene. 2009. The Dynamics of Violence in Central Africa. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Levi-Strauss, Claude. 1963. Structural Anthropology. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Lonsdale, John. 1994. “Moral Ethnicity and Political Tribalism” In Inventions and Boundaries: Historical and Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Ethnicity and Nationalism, edited by Kaarlholm, Preben and Hultin, Jan, 131–50. Roskilde, Denmark: Roskilde University.Google Scholar
Malkki, Liisa. 1995. Purity and Exile. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mamdani, Mahmood. 2001. When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mann, Gregory. 2013. “Afropositivism.” Fieldsights: Hotspots (Cultural Anthropology online). www.cultanth.org.Google Scholar
Mudimbe, V. Y. 1988. The Invention of Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Nicolaisen, Ida, and Nicolaisen, Johannes. 1997. The Pastoral Tuareg. Copenhagen: Rhodos.Google Scholar
Nossiter, Adam, and Tinti, Peter. 2013. “Mali War Shifts as Rebels Hide in High Sahara.” New York Times, Februrary 10.Google Scholar
Ranger, Terence, and Hobshawn, Eric, eds. 1983. The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, Susan. 1992. “Disputed Boundaries: Tuareg Discourse on Class and Ethnicity.” Ethnology 31: 351–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rasmussen, Susan. 1995. Spirit Possession and Personhood among the Kel Ewey Tuareg. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, Susan. 1997. The Poetics and Politics of Tuareg Aging: Life Course and Personal Destiny in Niger. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, Susan. 1999. “The Slave Narrative in Life History and Myth, and Problems of Ethnographic Representation of the Tuareg Predicament.” Ethnohistory 46 (1): 67108.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, Susan. 2000. “Between Several Worlds: Images of Youth and Age in Tuareg Popular Peformances.” Anthropological Quarterly 73 (3): 133–45.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, Susan. 2001. Healing in Community: Medicine, Contested Terrains, and Cultural Encounters among the Tuareg. Westport, Conn.: Bergin & Garvey/Greenwood.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, Susan. 2004. “‘These Are Dirty Times!’ Transformations of Gendered Spaces and Islamic Ritual Protection in Tuareg Herbalists’ and Marabouts’ Al Baraka Blessing Powers.” Journal of Ritual Studies 18 (2): 4360.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, Susan. 2007. “Re-Formations of the Sacred, the Secular, and Modernity: Nuances of Religious Experience among the Tuareg.” Ethnology 46 (3):185203.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, Susan. 2008. “The People of Solitude.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 14: 609–27.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, Susan. 2013. Neighbors, Strangers, Witches, and Culture-Heroes: Ritual Powers of Smith/Artisans in Tuareg Society and Beyond. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, Susan. 2016. “Courageous and Prominent Persons: Tuareg (Kel Tamajaq) Acting, Culture, Memory, and Performance in Northern Mali.”Google Scholar
Rodd, Francis, Lord of Rennell. 1928. People of the Veil. London: Anthropological Publications.Google Scholar
Rohter, Larry. 2013. “Musical Nomads: Escaping Political Upheaval.” New York Times, July 31.Google Scholar
Shryock, Andrew. 1997. Nationalism and the Genealogical Imagination: Oral History and Textual Anthority in Tribal Jordan. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Soares, Banjamin. 2012. “Islam in Mali Since the 2012 Coup.” www.culanth.org.Google Scholar
Temoust. 2013. “Our People Want to Be Masters of Their Destiny.” August 26. www.temoust.org.Google Scholar
Tolson, Mike. 2010. “Sparks Fly Over Use of ‘Negro’ by Census.” Houston Chronicle, January 14.Google Scholar
Whewell, Tim. 2013. “Why Mali’s Tuareg Are Lying Low.” BBC News, from Bamako. BBC News Magazine, February 2.Google Scholar
Whitehouse, Bruce. 2012. “The Force of Action: Legitimizing the Coup in Bamako, Mali.” Africa Spectrum 47 (2–3): 93110.Google Scholar