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Article

Photosynthetic Physiological Response of Porphyra yezoensis to Light Change at Different CO2 Concentrations

by
Cheng Chen
1,
Yanyan Zhang
1,
Zhenjie Feng
1,
Miaomiao Wu
1,
Tianpeng Xu
1,
Sen Qiao
1,
Wen Wang
1,
Jing Ma
1,* and
Juntian Xu
1,2,3
1
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
2
Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Lianyungang 222005, China
3
Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Water 2023, 15(4), 781; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15040781
Submission received: 8 December 2022 / Revised: 13 February 2023 / Accepted: 14 February 2023 / Published: 16 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Oceans and Coastal Zones)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The effect of different CO2 concentrations and their subsequent light changes on the photosynthetic characteristics of Porphyra yezoensis are not well understood. The relationship between the availability of CO2 and light to physiological traits of the thalli could help understand the response and adaptation mechanisms of P. yezoensis to extreme weather changes. In this study, the photosynthetic response of P. yezoensis to light changes at different CO2 concentrations was determined. Under low light intensity, the high CO2 concentration promoted the relative growth rate (RGR) of P. yezoensis by 22.79% compared to that of ambient CO2 treatment. The net photosynthetic rate and phycoerythrin (PE) content under high CO2 were also significantly greater than those under ambient CO2 treatment at low light therapy. Under high light intensity, high CO2 exacerbated the inhibitory effect of light on the RGR of thalli. The net photosynthetic rate and PE content were significantly reduced by 12.53% and 14.06% at elevated CO2 concentration under a high light intensity, respectively. Furthermore, the net photosynthetic rate was significantly decreased when the light intensity was rapidly reduced, especially under simultaneously elevated CO2 concentrations. These findings indicate that elevated CO2 concentration increased the RGR and PE content at low light intensity of P. yezoensis. In addition, this study provides a theoretical basis for the response and adaptation mechanism of P. yezoensis to extreme weather changes.

1. Background

Due to the development of the modern industry, the combustion of coal, oil, natural gas and fossil fuels has increased, resulting in an increase the atmospheric CO2 concentration [1], which was approximately 280 ppmv before the Industrial Revolution. In May 2022, it reached 420.99 ppmv (https://www.co2.earth/, accessed on 10 June 2022), and it is estimated that by 2100, it will reach 1000 ppmv [2]. A large amount of CO2 is absorbed by seawater, leading to an increase in the acidity of surface seawater, resulting in ocean acidification (OA) [3,4]. This decrease in pH has changed the carbonate system of seawater [5]. Soluble inorganic carbon (DIC) in seawater mainly exists as CO2, CO32−, and HCO3− [5]. OA will result in an increase in the proportion of CO2, H+, and HCO3− and a relative decrease in the ratio of CO32− in seawater [6]. OA affects the photosynthesis of macroalgae: an increase in CO2 significantly promotes the growth of Porphyra yezoensis and Ulva lactuca [7], while no significant effect or an inhibitory effect on growth was detected on algae [8,9]. Therefore, the effect of CO2 on algae depends on the concentration and the balance from the acidic environment [8,9].
Extreme weather is predicted to increase in frequency because of climate change, and can lead to sudden changes in light, temperature, rainstorm, ultraviolet-B radiation, nutrient levels, hail, and lightning strike, which may affect the growth of many macroalgae [10]. Light intensity has a direct impact on the photosynthesis of macroalgae, which are mainly located in the intertidal zone, and the light they receive depends on the tide. Under low light conditions, photosynthesis is positively correlated with light intensity [11]. At the maximum light saturation point (Ik), the photosynthetic rate no longer increased with light intensity [12]. However, high light may inhibit chlorophyll fluorescence parameters such as the relative electron transfer rate and the maximum photochemical quantum yield of algae. The photosynthetic rate and photoprotective ability of floating thalli were more enhanced than benthic thalli under extremely high light [13,14]. The effect of OA on algae is related to light intensity [14,15]. Under low light conditions, OA promoted algae growth, but under high light conditions, it intensified the photoinhibition of algae, causing stress to the algae [7].
Researches on the effect of OA or light intensity on macroalgae have shown that light intensity significantly affects the growth, pigments, and metabolism of Ulva lactuca [7,16,17]. Elevated CO2 promotes growth, photosynthesis, and carbon assimilation of Sargassum horneri [18]. The ocean is a complex ecological system, in which multiple environmental factors co-occur. Macroalgae are mainly distributed in the intertidal zone. Although the nearshore accounts for less than 1% of the ocean, it contributes approximately 10% of the primary productivity [19]. P. yezoensis, one of the most critical economic seaweeds, will be affected by environmental changes, especially extreme weather [20]. Therefore, the working hypothesis of this study was that the effects of high CO2 on growth would be different when the thalli are cultured under varying light conditions. The impact of light changes on photosynthetic characteristics of P. yezoensis at different CO2 levels was determined, which could provide insights into understanding adaptation mechanism in response to extreme weather changes.

2. Methods

2.1. Sample Collection and Culture Conditions

Porphyra yezoensis was collected from the farming area of Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, China. After washing the attachment on the thalli with seawater, P. yezoensis were cut into segments (1 × 1 cm) and put into a 500 mL culture flask containing filtered seawater with PES (N: P = 7:1) nutrients and kept in a light incubator (GXZ-500C, Ningbo, China) at 10° with a 12 h:12 h (light:dark) light period. The medium was constantly aerated and renewed daily.

2.2. Experimental Design

After a 2-day adaption, 0.03 g P. yezoensis were put into 500 mL flasks containing sterilized seawater with PES nutrients, and then cultured under two CO2 conditions (LC: 420 ppmv and HC: 1000 ppmv) and light intensities (LL, 60 μmol photons−2 s−1 and HL, 200 μmol photons m−2 s−1). The 400 and 1000 ppmv pCO2 represent the current atmospheric CO2 concentrations and those expected by the end of this century, respectively. Due to the changing climate, the light intensity received by the macroalgae changes [12]. The low light and high light conditions represent the average light intensities of the growth of P. yezoensis under these conditions. The ambient CO2 was achieved by filling the air, and the high CO2 concentration was achieved by a CO2 plant incubator (HP1000G-D, Ruihua Instruments, Wuhan, China) in order to maintain the pH in LC and HC cultures at 8.18 and 7.83, respectively. Photons (60 and 200 μmol m−2 s−1) in the incubator were measured by a Quantum Scalar Laboratory (QSL) radiometer (QSL-2100, Biospherical Instru-ments, Inc. San Diego, CA, USA). This cultured seawater was replaced every 2 days. Each treatment condition was repeated in triplicate. The relative growth rate (RGR) of P. yezoensis was tested every 2 days, and the rate of photosynthesis and respiration, pigment content, and chlorophyll fluorescence were determined after 1 week.

2.3. Determination of Carbonate System Parameters

A pH meter probe (pH 700, Eutech Instruments, Singapore) was used to record the pH of the seawater in the culture flasks. The total alkalinity (TA) in seawater was measured by acid titration. Other carbonate system parameters (dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), HCO3-, CO2) were indirectly calculated via CO2SYS [21].

2.4. Growth Measurements

The RGR of the algae was obtained by weighing the fresh weight after removed the excess water on the surface of the thalli, and the RGR was estimated as follows:
RGR = ln(Wt/W0) × 100%/t,
where W0 represents the initial fresh weight, Wt represents the fresh weight after t days, and t is the number of days of culture.

2.5. Determination of Photosynthesis and Respiration Rates

After the RGR of the algae had stabilized, the photosynthesis and respiration rates of the algae were determined. Prior to the measurement, the algae were pruned and placed in the light incubator for 1 h to avoid the effects of cutting damage. A 0.1 g sample was treated in each group, and 50 mL of algae was added into the quartz tube corresponding to the seawater. Another empty quartz tube was prepared and placed in the corresponding seawater as a blank control, carefully avoiding bubbles in the quartz tube. The samples were then put into an incubator for photosynthesis under various culture conditions for 1 h, and the pH was determined. The photosynthetic capacity was calculated by the change in pH. Each sample was briefly treated for 1 h under four conditions (HL–LC, LL–LC, HL–HC, and LL–HC) to measure the instantaneous photosynthesis rate of algae under different conditions.
Respiratory rate was also determined by measuring pH. Approximately 0.1 g of algae was put it into a quartz tube with a bag for shading and then placed in an incubator in darkness for 1 h. The seawater was replaced during each measurement and the seawater measured in the four quartz tubes was obtained from the same source. The difference between the final pH value and the pH value of the blank control group was used to reflect the change in carbon content of the seawater, thus reflecting the respiration rate, which was calculated by the following formula:
Respiratory rate = △C × V/(W × h),
where △C refers to the change in carbon content in seawater, V refers to the volume of seawater in quartz tubes, W refers to the quality of thalli in quartz tubes, and h refers to the treatment time of thalli in quartz tubes. Each group was treated under different CO2 concentrations for 1 h to measure the instantaneous respiration rate of algae under other conditions.

2.6. Determination of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters

A pulse modulation fluorometer (PAM, Aquapenap100, Europe) was used to measure the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters after dark adaptation for 15 min. The saturating pulse of light was 5000 μmol photons m−2 s−1; 0.8 s. Actinic light measurements were same to the light intensity. The rapid light curves were then determined under seven light intensities (10, 20, 50, 100, 300, 500, and 1000 μmol photons m−2 s−1). The light curve was calculated according to Eilers and Peeters [22]. The maximum relative electron transfer rate (rETRmax), the photosynthetic efficiency (α), and the light saturation parameter of light response (Ek) were calculated according to the model of Jassby and Platt [23].

2.7. Pigment Determination

Approximately 0.03 g of fresh algae was extracted in 5 mL methanol at 4 °C for 24 h of leaching. Then, the absorbance values of thalli at 470, 653, and 666 nm were measured by a UV–visible spectrophotometer (Ultrospect 3300 pro, Amersham Bioscience, Sweden), and the chlorophyll (Chl) a and carotenoids (Car) content were calculated following the method of Porra et al. [24]. Approximately 0.1g of algae was completely ground and then transferred to 10 mL phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). The supernatant was obtained following 5000 rpm centrifugation 15 min at 4 ℃, and the absorbance value was measured at 455, 564, and 592 nm with a UV spectrophotometer. The calculation formula of phycoerythrin (PE) content was composed according the method of Siegelman and Kycia [25].

2.8. Data Analysis

Data were expressed as means ± standard deviation and analyzed using Origin 9.0. The significance of mean difference between treatments was measured by a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) after ascertaining normality by the Shapiro–Wilk test and homogeneity of variance by Levene’s test. The significant difference level was p < 0.05.

3. Results

3.1. Carbonate System Parameters

Under low light, the increased CO2 concentration decreased the pH by 3.81%, while DIC, HCO3-, and CO2 increased by 6.37%, 9.88%, and 131.27%, respectively, compared with ambient CO2 (Table 1). Under high light, the elevated CO2 level lowered pH and TA by 4.30% and 4.38%, respectively, while DIC, HCO3-, and CO2 levels increased by 1.85%, 6.47%, and 137.89%, respectively, compared with ambient CO2 (Table 1).

3.2. Relative Growth Rate

Figure 1 shows that under LC, the RGR of P. yezoensis under low light was 38.89% lower than that under high light (p < 0.05). Under HC, the RGR of P. yezoensis under low light was 22.79%, higher than that under high light (p < 0.05). The RGR of algae was increased by 63.40% under HC compared with LC at a low light intensity, while it was decreased by 15.12% under HC compared with LC at high light intensity (p > 0.05).

3.3. Photosynthesis Rate

The net photosynthetic rate of algae was reduced by 20.60% from 85.65 ± 9.27 μmol O2 g−1 FW h−1 under high light to 29.43 ± 6.73 μmol O2 g−1 FW h−1 under low light at LC (p < 0.05). Under common low light conditions, the photosynthetic rate of algae at the high CO2 concentration was higher than under the ambient CO2 concentration (p < 0.05) (Figure 2). The instantaneous net photosynthesis rates were significantly decreased to 27.48 ± 2.95 μmol O2 g−1 FW h−1 (LL–LC) and 32.80 ± 2.92 μmol O2 g−1 FW h−1 (LL–HC), respectively, compared with that at HL–LC (66.53 ± 1.18 μmol O2 g−1 FW h−1) (p < 0.05) (Figure 3A). The rates were also reduced to 28.06 ± 2.51 μmol O2 g−1 FW h−1 (LL–LC) and 29.76 ± 0.93 μmol O2 g−1 FW h−1 (LL–HC), respectively, compared with that at HL–HC (58.20 ± 4.28 μmol O2 g−1 FW h−1) (p < 0.05) (Figure 3B). The instantaneous net photosynthesis rates were significantly increased by 158.62% (HL–LC), 29.54% (HL–HC), and 119.38% (LL–HC) compared with LL–LC, respectively (Figure 3C). Compared with LL–HC, the instantaneous net photosynthesis rate was increased at HL–LC. No significant differences were detected between HL–HC and LL–LC (p < 0.05) (Figure 3D).

3.4. Instantaneous Respiratory Rate

Figure 4 shows that under high light concentration, the instantaneous respiration rate of P. yezoensis cultured under high CO2 levels was increased by 48.29% compared with that under LC conditions, while under lowlight conditions, it was significantly decreased from 8.89 ± 0.06 μmol O2 g−1 FW h−1 to 3.73 ± 0.72 μmol O2 g−1 FW h−1 (Figure 4A). The instantaneous respiratory rate of P. yezoensis cultivated at HL–LC and LL–LC was increased to 14.05 ± 0.78 μmol O2 g−1 FW h−1 and 14.88 ± 0.88 μmol O2 g−1 FW h−1 compared with that of HL–HC (5.32 ± 1.57 μmol O2 g−1 FW h−1), respectively (Figure 4B).

3.5. Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters

The rETRmax significantly increased to 25.40 ± 5.25 at high CO2 concentration under low light conditions (p < 0.05) (Table 2), while no significant difference was observed under high light between different CO2 concentrations (p > 0.05) (Table 1). Furthermore, under high light, the α was 33.33% lower at the elevated CO2 concentration compared with thalli cultured under the low CO2 concentration (p < 0.05). However, it was 80.00% higher at the high CO2 concentration than at the low CO2 concentration under low light (p < 0.05). No significant difference was detected between low and high CO2 concentration at low light for Ek (p > 0.05), but Ek was 17.41% lower at elevated CO2 concentration than at low CO2 concentration under high light conditions (p < 0.05) (Table 1).

3.6. Photosynthetic Pigments

Under low light, the Chl a content increased by 9.09% at ambient CO2 concentration compared with the high CO2 concentration (p < 0.05) (Figure 5A). No significant differences were detected in the Chl a content of thalli at either CO2 level under high light (p > 0.05). In addition, no significant differences were observed in the Car content at CO2 concentration under either high or ambient light (p > 0.05) (Figure 5B). Under low light, the PE content was significantly higher (15.11%) at high CO2 compared with the ambient CO2 condition (p < 0.05). Under high light, the PE content was decreased by 14.06% at high CO2 concentration compared with ambient CO2 concentration (p < 0.05) (Figure 5C).

4. Discussion

Red algae are vertically distributed on the rock basement of the subtidal zone and are the main primary producers providing a habitat, food and nursery grounds for other organisms. P. yezoensis is one of the economically important seaweeds that experience emersion and immersion in diurnal tidal cycles [26]. However, the modulating mechanisms required in order to survive under such harsh environments remain ambiguous. Different photosynthetic response of P. yezoensis to different light intensities and OA were determined. Differences in carbonate system parameters between light were minor in comparison to differences between CO2, indicating that CO2 has a main impact compared to the seawater carbonate system. Under low light treatment, high CO2 could promote the RGR of P. yezoensis. The net photosynthetic rate under high CO2 concentration was also significantly higher than that under ambient CO2 at low light. This means that low light activates the positive effects of high CO2, which may be related to the downregulation of CO2-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs), resulting in a lower energy requirement and greater energy surplus for growth under light-restricted conditions [27]. P. yezoensis was determined to downregulate CCMs to promote growth in low light treatments [28]. Chl a, as well as PE, is an essential light-trapping pigment of P. yezoensis. The Chl a and PE content increased significantly under conditions of high CO2 and low light, suggesting that under low light, algae increase the proportion of light-trapping pigments in chlorophyll in the reaction center, thus resulting in the pigment cells in the algae being able to collect more light energy and transfer it to the reaction center to maintain growth rates [11]. The yield under high CO2 concentration was also greater than that at ambient CO2 under low light treatment. These results were also confirmed the previous points, suggesting that high CO2 could relieve the stress of low light for thalli, which was conducive to the maximum photosynthetic efficiency of P. yezoensis.
On the contrary, at a high light intensity, the RGR was decreased by 15.12% under HC compared with LC, indicating that elevated CO2 decreased the threshold for algae growth. The reduced net photosynthetic rate and increased respiratory rate support the findings that elevating the CO2 and light exposure can synergistically increase light stress. Similar results were also reported by Gao et al. [14], who determined that at elevated CO2 levels, the net photosynthetic rate decreased when Ulva linza was treated with high light intensity. These findings suggest that during extreme low tide, the increased light exposure might reduce green tide events in the future under ocean acidification. In addition, the Chl a and PE content were also reduced under high CO2 levels at high light, indicating that over-saturated light intensity leads to photoinactivation of the PSII reaction center, photoinhibition, and damage when the repair mechanism is not completed [29]. The lutein cycle of carotenoids can protect algae cells and alleviate damage at high light stress, though no significant changes were observed for the content of carotenoids in this experiment [30,31].
In P. yezoensis cultured under high light, the instantaneous photosynthetic rates were reduced when the algae were transferred to low light conditions, regardless of CO2 level. This might be because the low light has an inhibitory effect on the algae. However, low light-acclimated P. yezoensis maintained a greater instantaneous photosynthesis rate when exposed to short-term high light under ambient CO2, suggesting that instant high light could promote the growth of thalli. The thalli could reduce the number of PSII reaction centers yet preserve photochemical activity by inhibiting electron transport from avoiding photoinhibition [32]. These results are consistent with those of Warner and Madden [32], who determined that the growth rate of Chattonella sub salsa was higher after cultures were moved from low to high light. The instantaneous photosynthesis rate of low light- and ambient CO2-acclimated P. yezoensis was significantly increased after high CO2 treatment, indicating that under light-limiting conditions, algae could obtain more light energy from the downregulation of CCMs caused by elevated CO2, thereby promoting growth [33]. For algae cultured under low light and high CO2, the instantaneous photosynthetic rate was increased when the algae were treated under high light and ambient CO2 conditions, demonstrating that high light could promote the growth of thalli, which might have strong light tolerance. However, in the case of sufficient or excess light energy, the energy saved by the downregulation of CCMs does not supplement the algae’s demand for light energy, but instead increases the photoinhibition caused by excess light energy [34]. In the present study, a decreased instantaneous photosynthetic rate was also observed in high light and high CO2-grown thalli upon treatment with low CO2. This indicates that the algae were inhibited by high light intensity and acidification, resulting in the inhibition of photosynthesis. As OA increases, so does the frequency of extreme weather events, posing new challenges to the adaptability of variegated seaweed. This study shows that algae cultured under long-term high light intensity can better adapt to changing environments, with the main influencing factor being light intensity, and algae cultured under long-term low light intensity are more vulnerable to the stress of high light intensity and acidification.

5. Conclusions

The effects of light changes on the photosynthetic characteristics of P. yezoensis under different CO2 concentrations were determined. Under ambient CO2, increasing light intensity significantly increased the RGR of P. yezoensis. However, P. yezoensis can tolerate a low pH induced by elevated CO2 and benefit from increasing free CO2 in seawater. The energy saved from the downregulated CCMs may increase vulnerability to high light. Moreover, instantaneous high CO2 under high light intensity could also enhance the respiratory rate, resulting in the low growth of thalli. This study provides a theoretical basis for the response and adaptation mechanism of P. yezoensis to extreme weather changes.

Author Contributions

Writing—original draft preparation, C.C.; experiments and data curation, Y.Z. and Z.F.; experiments, T.X., M.W. and S.Q.; data curation, W.W.; writing—review and editing, J.M.; review and editing, J.X. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This study was supported by the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation (No. 42106089), the special fund for Natural Resources Development (Innovation Project of Marine Science and Technology) of Jiangsu Province (Nos. JSZRHYKJ202001, JSZRHYKJ202112, JSZRHYKJ202107, and JSZRHYKJ202206), the China Agriculture Research System (No. CARS50), the Modern Fisheries Industrial Research System of Jiangsu Province (No. JFRS-04), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2019M651431), the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. 2018K150C), the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Lianyungang, special fund for Science and Technology plan of Jiangsu Province (Innovation Support Plan Rural Industry Revitalization—Science and Technology Assistance and Promotion for Enriching People and Strengthening Villages) (SZ-YC202203), the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (No. KYCX20_2889), Jiangsu Qinglan, and Lianyungang 521 Talent Projects.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest regarding this article.

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Water 15 00781 g001 550
Figure 1. The relative growth rate (RGR) of Porphyra yezoensis under different CO2 concentrations (400 μatm, LC; 1000 μatm, HC) and light treatments. Values show the mean ± SD. Different letters (a and b) represent significant differences (p < 0.05) at different light treatments under the same CO2 levels. Horizontal bars represent significant differences (p < 0.05) between LC and HC under same light treatments.
Figure 1. The relative growth rate (RGR) of Porphyra yezoensis under different CO2 concentrations (400 μatm, LC; 1000 μatm, HC) and light treatments. Values show the mean ± SD. Different letters (a and b) represent significant differences (p < 0.05) at different light treatments under the same CO2 levels. Horizontal bars represent significant differences (p < 0.05) between LC and HC under same light treatments.
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Water 15 00781 g002 550
Figure 2. The photosynthesis rate of Porphyra yezoensis under different CO2 concentrations (400 μatm, LC; 1000 μatm, HC) and light treatments. Values show the mean ± SD. Different letters (a and b) represent significant differences (p < 0.05) at different light treatments under the same CO2 levels. Horizontal bars represent significant differences (p < 0.05) between LC and HC under same light treatments.
Figure 2. The photosynthesis rate of Porphyra yezoensis under different CO2 concentrations (400 μatm, LC; 1000 μatm, HC) and light treatments. Values show the mean ± SD. Different letters (a and b) represent significant differences (p < 0.05) at different light treatments under the same CO2 levels. Horizontal bars represent significant differences (p < 0.05) between LC and HC under same light treatments.
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Water 15 00781 g003 550
Figure 3. The instantaneous photosynthesis rate of Porphyra yezoensis under different CO2 concentrations (400 μatm, LC; 1000 μatm, HC) and light treatments. (A–D) represent the instantaneous photosynthesis rate of algae under HL–LC, LL–LC, HL–HC, and LL–HC, cultured after transferring to different light intensities and CO2 concentrations, respectively. Values show the mean ± SD. Different letters (a and b) represent significant differences (p < 0.05) at different light treatments and CO2 levels.
Figure 3. The instantaneous photosynthesis rate of Porphyra yezoensis under different CO2 concentrations (400 μatm, LC; 1000 μatm, HC) and light treatments. (A–D) represent the instantaneous photosynthesis rate of algae under HL–LC, LL–LC, HL–HC, and LL–HC, cultured after transferring to different light intensities and CO2 concentrations, respectively. Values show the mean ± SD. Different letters (a and b) represent significant differences (p < 0.05) at different light treatments and CO2 levels.
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Figure 4. The instantaneous respiratory rate of Porphyra yezoensis under different CO2 concentrations (400 μatm, LC; 1000 μatm, HC) and light treatments. (A,B) represent the instantaneous respiratory rate of algae under HL−LC, LL−LC, HL−HC, and LL−HC cultured after transferring to low CO2 and high CO2 concentrations, respectively. Values show the mean ± SD. Different letters (a and b) represent significant differences (p < 0.05) at different light treatments under the same CO2 levels.
Figure 4. The instantaneous respiratory rate of Porphyra yezoensis under different CO2 concentrations (400 μatm, LC; 1000 μatm, HC) and light treatments. (A,B) represent the instantaneous respiratory rate of algae under HL−LC, LL−LC, HL−HC, and LL−HC cultured after transferring to low CO2 and high CO2 concentrations, respectively. Values show the mean ± SD. Different letters (a and b) represent significant differences (p < 0.05) at different light treatments under the same CO2 levels.
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Figure 5. Chlorophyll (Chl) a (A), carotenoids (Car) (B), and phycoerythrin (PE) (C) content of Porphyra yezoensis under different CO2 concentrations (400 μatm, LC; 1000 μatm, HC) and light treatments. Values show the mean ± SD. Different letters (a and b) represent significant differences (p < 0.05) at different light treatments under the same CO2 levels. Horizontal bars represent significant differences (p < 0.05) between LC and HC under same light treatments.
Figure 5. Chlorophyll (Chl) a (A), carotenoids (Car) (B), and phycoerythrin (PE) (C) content of Porphyra yezoensis under different CO2 concentrations (400 μatm, LC; 1000 μatm, HC) and light treatments. Values show the mean ± SD. Different letters (a and b) represent significant differences (p < 0.05) at different light treatments under the same CO2 levels. Horizontal bars represent significant differences (p < 0.05) between LC and HC under same light treatments.
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Table
Table 1. Parameters of the seawater carbonate system under high light (HL) or low light (LL) conditions under either ambient CO2 (LC) or elevated CO2 (HC) levels on Porphyra yezoensis. DIC: dissolved inorganic carbon, TA: total alkalinity. Data are the means ± SD (n = 3). Different letters (a and b) indicate the significant difference (p < 0.05) of different CO2 concentration under the same light intensity.
Table 1. Parameters of the seawater carbonate system under high light (HL) or low light (LL) conditions under either ambient CO2 (LC) or elevated CO2 (HC) levels on Porphyra yezoensis. DIC: dissolved inorganic carbon, TA: total alkalinity. Data are the means ± SD (n = 3). Different letters (a and b) indicate the significant difference (p < 0.05) of different CO2 concentration under the same light intensity.
pHpCO2 (μatm)DICHCO3− (μmol kg−1)CO2TA
HL–HC7.79 ± 0.01 a1060.25 ± 14 a2047.85 ± 24 a1934.05 ± 32 a32.4 ± 3 a2145.91 ± 13 a
HL–LC8.14 ± 0.01 b438.69 ± 18 b2010.73 ± 27 a1816.57 ± 39 b13.62 ± 1 b2244.2 ± 27 b
LL–HC7.82 ± 0.01 a1035.15 ± 26 a2143.59 ± 34 a2021.51 ± 42 a31.73 ± 2 a2253.54 ± 17 a
LL–LC8.13 ± 0.01 b444.291 ± 28 b2015.16 ± 11 b1839.67 ± 10 b13.72 ± 1 b2253.34 ± 30 a
Table
Table 2. The maximum rETR (rETRmax), electron transport efficiency (α), and saturating irradiance (Ik) of Porphyra yezoensis under different CO2 concentrations and light treatments. Data are the means ± SD (n = 3). Different letters (a and b) indicate the significant difference (p < 0.05) of different light intensity under the same CO2 concentration.
Table 2. The maximum rETR (rETRmax), electron transport efficiency (α), and saturating irradiance (Ik) of Porphyra yezoensis under different CO2 concentrations and light treatments. Data are the means ± SD (n = 3). Different letters (a and b) indicate the significant difference (p < 0.05) of different light intensity under the same CO2 concentration.
rETRmaxαIk
HL–HC24.65 ± 0.59 a0.06 ± 0.01 a251.14 ± 12.13 a
HL–LC24.93 ± 3.51 a0.09 ± 0.01 b304.08 ± 11.04 b
LL–HC25.40 ± 5.25 a0.09 ± 0.02 b311.65 ± 49.25 a
LL–LC20.32 ± 1.16 b0.05 ± 0.02 a228.71 ± 39.94 a
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Chen, C.; Zhang, Y.; Feng, Z.; Wu, M.; Xu, T.; Qiao, S.; Wang, W.; Ma, J.; Xu, J. Photosynthetic Physiological Response of Porphyra yezoensis to Light Change at Different CO2 Concentrations. Water 2023, 15, 781. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15040781

AMA Style

Chen C, Zhang Y, Feng Z, Wu M, Xu T, Qiao S, Wang W, Ma J, Xu J. Photosynthetic Physiological Response of Porphyra yezoensis to Light Change at Different CO2 Concentrations. Water. 2023; 15(4):781. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15040781

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen, Cheng, Yanyan Zhang, Zhenjie Feng, Miaomiao Wu, Tianpeng Xu, Sen Qiao, Wen Wang, Jing Ma, and Juntian Xu. 2023. "Photosynthetic Physiological Response of Porphyra yezoensis to Light Change at Different CO2 Concentrations" Water 15, no. 4: 781. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15040781

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